A K Ch X D E G H I N O 8 R S T θ V Y.

 

NOTE 1.—K X and θ are pronounced as in Greek.— G and Y are almost the same as to pronunciation; this last is sounded like the vowel i. and is thus written— 1,andatara, as if it were iandatara,—bread; ,andaturta, as if it were read iandataraie—to eat bread.

 

NOTE. 2.—Ch is sometimes pronounced as in French in this word chaste, cha-ha—thou assentest; oftener, however as the Italian C, thus—chieons—thou art sick.

 

NOTE. 3.—D in the beginning of a word is sounded as nd; as ndis for dis; but in the end of a word, like the Greek u, as Ihrend, as if it were Ihrenu—he was coming here.

 

NOTE. 4—E may be marked by three accents, acute, circumflex, and grave, and varies in sound according to the various sound of the accents. When it has the acute, it is sounded as the French masculine e in divinité, as ié—I come. If circumflected, it sounds as the French word dais, monnoie, example, onde, as if were ondaie—he or she that. And if it has the grave accent, it has a middle sound between both, as ay in French, example—i,erhè—I wish, I think.

 

NOTE 5.—H is always a consonant, and is always sounded with an aspiration. I is never a consonant.

 

Note 6.—N, when it is written alone, does not sound with the following vowel, as orňse—2man.

 

NOTE 7.—R is duplicate, as in Greek, viz. R lenis and R aspirate. The lenis is that which is marked with a lightor no spiritus, as ,a’ronta—a tree, arenda—ceremony; but the aspirate is that which is marked with the spiritus asper, and gives a rough sound, as ,ar’onta, ,ar’enda— a rock.

 

NOTE 8.—S is never pronounced as z, but as s s, ex. asara—a handle of a kettle.

 

NOTE 9.—I and 8 often make but one syllable, with a vowel or diphthong following, as k8sarasksa—let us go; chioiňsesen—you are liberal; tioňsessan—we are liberal; all which are trisyllables: and when they are marked with two points, they do not make one syllable but two, with a vowel or diphthong following, as hotïai—they have cut; a quadrisyllable, while hotiage is a trisyllable, signifying he is cut. So eskion signifies I will enter; and eskïon, a trisyllable, these two will enter.

 

The Parts of this Grammar are three.

 

The first part contains Nouns, Pronouns, and Adverbs. The second part contains Verbs. The third and last Syntax.

 

OF NOUNS.

 

Nouns are not declined by cases, and therefore do not suffer any alteration by another noun or verb, unless they enter into composition with them, as onnenha—wheat; whether prefixed, or placed after the verb, ,aiêh8as—I have need, it is always the same, and remains in the same mood; and you may say onnenha a,iehsas—I want corn; or a,iehsas onnenha. To express the plural, s is often added, chie,annen ionnenhas, or onnen hsannens—these are large grains of wheat. But in the singular chie,annen ionnenha —it is a large grain of wheat. So ha,sannen—he is an old man; and hati,8annens—they are old men.

 

 

OF PRONOUNS.

 

They are not declined, but are put in all numbers and genders without variation; as, endi, signifying I, we both, we all. Sa, or isa, signify ye, ye both, and ye many.— Ondaie, signifies he, she, that, they, those; xa, or dexa, or decha—this, that, these, those; xon'daie—he, the, that; chondaie—it is just that; nde—who, which, what; tsinnen, or tsa'teniaon, or xaisend—who comes here ? ann'enr'onnon —of whom, or, of which are you; you both, or, all of you?

 

Of the possessive pronouns, my ,thy, his.

 

They are thus expressed: endianda hiasan—my knife, I possess that knife; isa sandahia8an—your knife; ondaie hondahia8an—his knife, or, he possesses this knife. A final is added to uncompounded syllables, as, endi aennaoa—my kettle; isa sannaoa—thy kettle; on'daie onnaoa—his kettle; endia itsi chia—my net. They are often made possessives without the addition of the a final, only by using the example s in the place of example chi; for example, sannon chia8asti—thy house is fine, sand8chachen—your coat is bad; except ondaon—to have a hut, a house, because it is conjugated by the example chi, and may have a possessive signification, as endi,ondaon—my house; isa chiondaon— thy house; andaie ondaon—his house; but what belongs to parts of the body, as the hand, arm, 8c. we use the paradigma ch, or s, just as they are from their nature of the paradigma s, or ch. Thus because ,a,onresa—the hand; ,aiachia— the arm; ,a,ondia—the nose, 8c. are of the paradigma chi, we say chie,onr'esa—thy hand; chieiachia—thy arm. But because a8erochia—the hair; oskota—the head; oachia— the breast, 8c are of the paradigma s; we say sero chia— thy hair; saskota—thy head; saachia,e, or saaske—thy breast does not pain thee.

 

NOTE.—These possessives, my, thy, his, their, are often expressed by the word aonh8a, of the fifth conjugation; for example, a,atondot ontion d'a,onh8a a,tondota8an—I have thrown off my clothes; satondotontion desonh8a satondota 8an —thou hast thrown off thy clothes; hotdndotontion d'ahonh8a hotondota8an—he has thrown off his clothes; from tondota, clothes, and ontion—to throw. In composition we say ontion, not in composition ation.

But these possessive pronouns, I me, thou thee, he him,joined with verbs, take the passive voice; example, for chiennionronniak—you make snow shoes, say chiatennionronniak —you are making snow shoes for yourself; for achi8har ichien—you are making a coat, say achien di8harichien, from 'efňon'hara—cloth, and ichiai—to make. When by neuter passives is signified anything which is to the loss of the possessor, then the end of the word is changed into the particle sennik, which always gives to the word, the paradigma s. ex. from a'k8entas—the shoes are wearing out, say a,a'k8enta sennik, as if it were, my shoes are wearing out. In like manner, instead of on8achátexa—the gown burns, say on8achoáte, asennik—her gown burns; and and8chate'asennik— mine, 8c; sand8chate,asennik—thine, 8c.

 

The same thing happens in possessives, when their final is changed into a figurative mark of relation ex. from otaseti—that is hid, say otáse'tandi—that is hid from her; a,ata'se'tandi—from me; satase'tandi—from thee; hota's-e'ntandi—from him.

 

OF ADVERBS.

 

ADVERBS OF PLACE, are:

An'nen - Where, whither, which way whence.

Xa, or exa, or dexa - Here, hither, this way, hence.

θo - There, that way, thither, from thence, 8c.

 

As for example :

An'nena'ota,isachiatorha ? - Where hast thou pain ?

Xaao'ta,ea,echiatorha - It is here that I have pain.

From—Achiatorha, ndeheren—At a distance, it is far.)

Troskenhen - Near.

,aro - On this side.

Endes,a e'chi, - On the further side.

 

 

By inserting the 8—As for example:

 

Chia8atenr'at,e, - On the other side of the wall.

,anda8a, - A river.

 

Hence—Chia,an'da8ati, - On the other side of the river.

Chi, or echia, takes a after it, and requires ti after the substantive.

I'tskati, - On the other side, (as, on the other side of the water.)

Itskati a,nda8ati, or, chia, a'nda8ati, or a,anda8ateksi, from anda8a, and ennenti, - To descend.

On'daonnentak8i, - The Cote de Beaupré.

Tiondiondi, - Where there is a point.

Eka'nda otrah8i, - At the Falls of Montmorency.

( From—Otrah8i, - At the rock.)

,andat,ae, - At the country town, at the town, or, at the deserted

Ateondeche, - In each country.

 

ADVERBS OF TIME.

'Onnianni, - Long

Eonniannik, - It will require much time.

And—So'nniannika, - It will require much time.

Onh8a θat, - Immediately

Chie’annen aondesa, - That will last a long time.

Aonda8aha, - That will last me but a very short time.

Iaonda8andihaθo onh8a, - Now.

Onh8aotia,ion, or ek8a,ion, - I came long ago.

Achia, or onh8a achia, - I came long ago,

A,on, - To arrive

Onh8aaonihoon, - He is newly arrived.

Achia, or achiato ahar'one, - It is the first time he has heard it.

From—Ar’on,e, - To hear.

For—Ronxa onh8ati chihoon, - He has arrived a long time ago.

Achietek, - Yesterday, or tomorrow.

Chiachietek, - Three days ago.

Ennhiek, - Last year.

Chiennhie,k, - Two years ago.

Xa,en'de, - At the hour of the season that it is.

θoha,on,e, - It was in that time or that season.

θoinnonh8a, - It might be in that place or at that time.

with Innonh8a, signifies doubt

‘Annenha,onn,e ahatonnia, - When was he born?

From—Otondi, - To be made.

Xa,ende ihotondi, - He was born at that time.

θoichienihotondi - sondatieron-tiend ? – Was he born then (he may be named) when the victorious soldiers returned?

Asoňorah8ion, - In the morning.

Ason, - Again.

Orah8i, - Night.

Asoňorah8ik, - Tomorrow morning.

Asoňorah8innen, - In the morning

Entieki,ar, - It is noon.

I,ar, - The sun.

Entiek, - Noon

Askatie,arok8i, - It is after noon

Askatie,arok8ik, - It will be afternoon.

Onna,aratie, - See how late it is.

 

Tie is added after a vowel, hatie, after a consonant.

 

De,aratie, - To night

Tetenre, - Some time during the night

Etióran'di, - Very early in the night

Asonθenk, - Midnight.

For—Asonteahenk, - The middle

Ontaotratie, - The sun will soon rise.

Onta—signifies – Proximity to a future or coming event.

Onnêi,ar, - The sun is up.

Aondechenhaon, - Always, perpetually, as long as the world shall last.

 

Enhaon, In composition, out of composition.

 

A,on. – To carry.

Aondechenhaon aθatien, - He was from all eternity.

Asontenhaon, - All the night.

A8sentenhaon, - All the day.

Ate,on, - At each time.

O,ennhenhaon, - All the summer.

Eo,enrati, or, e,a,ennhiksi, - Continual summer.

Ao,henhaon, - The whole length of winter.

Ate8enta,e, - Daily

Atenta8enra'θe', or, on8arhen'ehe, or, e8aonsa, or, henha8erhe onh8aiones'on – From day to day we think he will arrive             

Annhenha,on,e, - When?

Achietekaon, - Since yesterday.

Te8enta,ek, - Two days hence,

Achin, ka8enta,ek, - Three days hence.

Iso'onhaon, - Since his return.

O,enr'axe, - In spring.

 ,O'che, - In winter,

De,a'enra, - When spring will have come.

O,enraken'de, - During spring.

De'ochat, - When winter shall arrive.

Ochendeteontenda8has, - We go to hunt during winter.

8a,ennhe,e, - During summer.

Annenda,e, - During autumn

Aiostore'ska, - It will be soon.

Ason, - Not yet.

Onnehioon, - He is already arrived.

Achietek ek8a,e,in'nen, - I have not eaten since yesterday.

Seh8en, - Wait,

Eskeňhatie, - Ever and anon.

A 8atichien i,enhatie. – A little after

Chi and Sorhenha, - After tomorrow.

 

 

ADVERBS OF NUMBER.

 

Skat, - Once.

Skiatat, - I am alone.

Skeňonharaa'ti, - A single coat.

Sha8en daratietie8his tonta θa, – We ring a bell by tolling it.

Sk8entaratiehon a,orask8ati hatie, - We walk each day without resting.s

Tenditehotê chen'θi, - He struck it twice.

Achink, - Thrice.

(From Atocha – Struck, and Enti-To make fall)

Etsa'kiθo, or, Etsak, or etrakaθo, - Often.

θoraahatatia, - He often spoke.

θoiaθo, - Seldom.

8aθo, - Once more.

O,onno'ndaie, - There is but that. (Hence)

Aonde'chon for aondecha,on, - The country is destitute of people.

On8entroneke, - In a desert place, where there was nobody.

A,on, -            Within.

Chiata,on, - In your belly, or, in the belly of. (ex. ch.)

Osieta,on, - An empty bottle.

 

ADVERBS OF QUALITY.

 

,andeia aonnianni, or'8an, orihierichen, - Well, rightly.

8kaot, - Standing.

Onnianni, te or'8ean,            Badly.

Araiθotifindeiaa, or, onnianni, - That is altogether well.

On'daieon, endïer'aten, - That is what augments my pain.

Ondaieondieraθa, or, ekandera'ta'ksa, - That which is worse.

Ondaie endie, raθa, - There is what augments the pain.

Ondi,onhia,i, - Useless, that which serves for no purpose.

Tia8ennonti, - By a snare.

He,enkichienoňek, - Only to appearance; up to the mouth.

Ho8end8skonoňek hatatiak, - He speaks to the extent of his voice.

Tihatatiaka oňekarai θochien tihatatiak, - He speaks at random.

 

Or—Hatatiak ichien oňek hastra,e oňek, - Only to the lips,

Ka,oni θachien hauendaratie, - He speaks of this and of that.

Atonditenr, - It is through compassion.

8erian'di aonda,on,e, or, oe, also ,on,e - Upon the bare flesh. It is dark. It is day.

Eti8rati, - It is dark.

Teorhaθek – It is day.

8ten, in composition with a substantive, signifies measure or quality, as,

Taoten tia,rih8ten, - Which is your book?

Teonnianniti chiat8ten, or chie8nd8ten, - I do not approve of his manner of acting.

Taotichiat8ten - How art thou made ?

 

ADVERBS OP AFFIRMING AND DENYING.

 

 Staan—not; but when it is joined to the word following we use stante, or te only. The personal mood often has the power of denying, when pronounced interrogatively; as,

Ahentronlai, - He is not there.

Tesasteso, or, Okrito, - The voice of one who is indignant,—I will not.

Ndioharon, - Away.

Ennon, - A word of prohibition.

T’a,aketaska, or A,aketatatichien, - For the future negative.

Te,aketaθe, - I have much to do.

Aoo, - Yes.

K8adet, - For fear that. It governs aorist.

As—K8adet an8anderai, - That I may not sin.

 

ADVERBS OF DESIRING AND ENCOURAGING.

 

Te'ato,ensen, - Is not that true?

Te,ake'tas asen, - I wish that I may or might carry it.

Teake'tasksasen, te8a aketatisen, - That I did not carry it.3

Ta sente, aketas, - God grant that I do not carry it.

θo, - That I may see.

θo θo to'tik, - That that may be ths.

Ndioh8ieia, - Come, or, come ye.

Ndiosen, - I pray, as a favor.

Etsaeon, - Prosper, I say.

Estennia.on, - Be ye prosperous, I say.

 

ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION AND DOUBT. .

 

Aon,i, or, k8aio'ti ndia8eron, - Whether.

Troten, or, taot hao'ten. – When?

Taotioti, - Wherefore?

Taota8ten, or, taotitari8ten, - What is the matter?

Sator'onton taotio'ti de,andata,e, - Inquire what is going on in the village.

Saotexio'ti te8atonde, - Why can it not be done?

Ta,oňioska, or, tatichien ta',onioska, - Why should I kill thee?

Tsaten, or, tsinnenxai8end, - Who comes here?

Endiatichiena,enk, - Should it be mine?

Onh8a de ahaonθ – He might come today.

Etsa,onsen ehotieronk, - He might have made the attempt.

Stanito chien haoten, - I know not what it is.

Anni’aten iθochien, or tsaten iθchien – I know not who it is.

Stan iθochien ea8enk, - By chance.

Staniθochien eo8tik ehaon, - He will come by chance.

Staniθochien haatsi, - I know not how he may be called.

Anno'aten iθochien ionhi tannont, - Give me that in what quantity you please.

Chieske, - What do I know?

A,ato,enk, - That might be true, that may be true.

Taier enθo, - Why not?

Hechon non h8a a,enk, - Perhaps it was.

Hechon, ato,ennonh8a a,okea8ti, - He is, perhaps, at his ease.

 

 

ADVERBS OF COLLECTING.

 

Chiate hotion, if the aorist is used, say, chiaθation,—they came at the same time. Tsinnen teste,—with whom are you ? It is answered, hechonte andi,—I am with Hechon. —But in the plural, is said θoitson,—how many are there of you? Answer, aki,aion,—we are four; or, a8a8eci.

Ondaie e,ise,ik ,en8hara, - That will be with the cloth.

Titsatont, - Put yourselves together you two.              

Titsatrandefin, - Seat yourselves near each other.

Tsih8echatia, - Go from the company.

Ondatonr'onton, or, ondakate,ahonk, - There are many bustards

O,otio'k8annen, - There is much people.

 

 

ADVERBS OF LIKENESS AND SAMENESS.

 

θoio’ti - As if.

θoeo’tik, - Thus it will be.

θo ai’otin’nen, - Thus the thing was.

I θon’di - Alike,

Chiate,arih8ten - It is the same.

Chia,at, or chia,arih8at, or skarih8at - It is the same thing.

Chiateo'ti, - It is all one; the one is worth the other; the one is worth as much as the other.

Chiate,arih8an, - It is the same thing.

Chiateon,indionr8ten, - We have both of us the same thought; we are of the same mind.

Chiaa,iatat, - We are the same

Tson,indi,onrat, - We have both of us the same thought.

Hechon,e ir'a, - He is as big as Hechon.

Ahaat8ten, - That is his custom.

Ahonnon dech8ten, - It is the custom of their country; the fashion.

 

 

ADVERBS OF QUANTITY AND EXCESS.

 

Okenia,—a little; or, i8aia,—moderately

A'soni8knia di,aen, - There is still a little.

Onne, or onnaion, - There is enough.

A'son, - There is not enough.

Skata'son, - There is still a little wanting.

Otonr'onton, or, 8annen, - Much.

As—8annen, aiotiendiska, - That should give a good deal; or, should satisfy so much as to have something, remaining.

A,8annenk, - There must be a good deal.

Atrondi, - That is honestly.

A trondihaienh 8i, - He knows well enough.

θoir'ati chia, - He is as tall as you.

θoi8a, - How large is it?

Xaiontsi, - The size of that (showing for example a hut.)

Skatenchat, - A fathom.

Achink ate,aten, - Three fathoms.

Oentâsk8i, - A little stick.

Aenta8ak, - A short stick.

A tiaondi,anda8ate, - Not.

8andesate, otenrondi, - Not at all

Onder'ati, - Too much.

Daat echi etsonder'ati, - Much more.

Ekender'atak8a, - That is still worse.

Iskandeia, - That is too good.

Its8kaot, - That is but too bad.

Iso'ki,8annen, - He is too rich.

Ondaieaat eθarontio, or, edθsendio, - It is the great master.

Eneθo oňek, - It is but grease.

A, atieron x8aska - I would be too strong.

(They use this phrase when they resist any thing intended.)

Aiotendiska, - That must last a long time.

Aiokenieska, - Should I be content with so little.

 

ADVERBS OF NEARNESS AND DISTANCE.

 

Tioskehen, or, oskehen, - Quite near.

Aehennonk, - In the middle.

Tioskeken ate,iatre desask8an, - To give.

Chia de (let it be a name) handare, - Your town is near that of N.

Teon8an datande,en, - Our town is near your's.

Teou,iondes θe,en, - Our country is bordering upon your's

Teon, 8ennons θe,en, - Our house is nigh your's.

Te hiende hoxen, - The doors of the two houses are opposite to each other.

Te k8endihoka, - Let us put our doors opposite to each other.

Eoonti, - We are going there in a day.

Eokak 8i, - It is in sight; we see it from this place.

Skato to8an, - There is but one sleeping place on the road.

Te otito,eti onnont8t, - There is a mountain opposite.

Etionte ro ketaidé eiai, - In firing from the bastion we shall have opposite to us those who are along the curtain; we shall graze all the curtain in firing.

Teondo,en, - In the middle of the place.

Teon8andato,en, - . In the middle of our towns.

Teon,ionh8ent so,en, - In the middle of our country.

Chiato,annen, - In thy bosom.

Teon,itsenhia, - We are both of us opposite each other, having the fire between us.

Tea,iatakannr'a, - Face to face.

Tea,iatrandi,enk, - We are near enough to each other.

Tioskehenichiede chrih8iost, - You will believe soon.

Asoni θochiente Sk8a,ierichen, - I am not wholly cured yet.

Observe, lo.—Adverbs for the most part are declined by tenses as impersonal verbs. So from the adverb onder'ati —greatly, is made onder'atînnen—it was very much:

A,anderat, - It will be very much.

Aionderatik, - It might be very much.

Aionder'atinnen, - It might have been quite another thing.

Atrondi,ehen, - It was enough.

θoio'ti, - Thus the thing is.

θoeo'tik, - Thus the thing will be.

θo io'tinn'en, - Thus the thing had been.

θo aio'tinn'en, - Thus the thing might have been.

Eo'tis, - All those things are (for example) of the same price.

Ndeheren, - At a distance.

Ndeherennen, - It was, or it had been at a distance.

Tioskehen, - Near.

Tioskehen ,ehen, - It is, or, it was near.

Itsoskehen, - He is but too near.

Isteheren, - It is too far; (from ndeheren)

Iskandeiaa, - That is but too well.

Itsakaot, - That is too bad.

 

2o.—Some adverbs pass into nouns, and are conjugated thus :—

Sander'at, - Thou art troublesome, insolent.

Honderat, - He is impertinent.

Stande8ander'at, - I am not excessive, be it to ask or to take all.

 

From the adverb arderati. From io'ti, in the same manner.

 

Eoneatis, - We are equal

Esk8atis, - Ye are equal.

Chiateondi'té, - They are of the same quality.

From—Ets'aon, - Courage.

E,ets,aon, - I will take courage.

Echietsa,on, - Thou wilt take courage.

Ehatsa,on, - He will take courage.

Ea,i8tenni,a, - We two take courage.

Etsistennia,on, and Esk8astennia,on, - Let you and us take courage.

Ahatisten nia,on, - Let them take courage.

 

3o.—They sometimes enter into composition, as

Harih sander'atannonk, - He exaggerates.

 

4o.—Some require the future after them; as,

Seh8en, - Wait, or, wait ye.

Chieskechien, - In order to.

Tse, or, ennonne, - A word of prohibition.

Te8astaθo, - A word of refusal.

,ato,en, - In order to.

Seh8en echiarask8a, - Expect to go.

Ennochien, or, tesastaθo echiarask8a, - Do not depart.

Hesehets aron dedis,ato,en eorhientenr, or - Pray to God that he may have pity on you.

Chieskechien ehientenr de dis, - (Let it be a name.)

Ehaon,andiare, chiadesa echiarask8a, - After that (the name) will have come, thou shalt go.

 

5o.—Some require the aorist; as,

K8ede, - For fear that; in order to; perhaps.

A,ro andesta, - After

Chiandeta, - Before (that is a name).

Hesenditan'da k8ade t'ahientenr, - Go away and pray (N) perhaps he will have pity on you.

Ennon chri8anderai, k8e nondechon tachiatet sin'at, - Do not sin for fear you be

damned.

Chia,anda8ati ande8a, - Some water.

'Aroa'andak8ati, - After the baptism.

Chiaatiatat, - I and he.

Chietiatat, - I and you, we two are but one.

 

In the same manner is construed acha8i, as

Achasiaao'chin,otati, - Above the knee.

 

6o.—When there are two adverbs, or a noun with an adverb, they are put before the verb; but which of them ought immediately to precede the verb will be shown by the following examples :—

Stani8aia te'onrak8a,- I do not fear at all.

,8annentesaien askatenraha,- If you had much you would give me part.

Stanθo te,aeren, - That was not done so.

Stanxate8ate'8aien, - I have not the bigness of that, (that is the point of my finger.)

Te,ato,en te soon, - It is not true that he was returned.

 

In which, you see, te, whether it signifies not, or if, adheres immediately to the verb; except when the negative te, agrees with chi, signifying before; for then chi closely adheres to the verb, and te is changed into ta, as:—

Stanta chi8a,ien, - I never had any.

 

Stanta chi8a, a'keronchend d'ason te8arihsiosti, - I should not have even fear, though I had not thy faith.

 

But chi in a concurse, with the affirmative te, goes before it and intermingles a with it, as;

Chiateha'sen X8ask8a, - He was crying before.

 

In like manner when chi, signifying far, meets with te whether affirmative or negative, it does not adhere closely to the verb; as,

Stanchite8a,eti, - I will not go far.

Stanchite,eθa,         I am not going far.

 

When the negative te meets with the affirmative te, or with θe signifying if, then it goes before it, and changes its e final into a, as;

 

A,oňioθatechache, - I kill you if you do not consent

Onde'chon echia tetserattate chri h8iostan'di, or ontate sarih8osti stanteo,enr'ontate ha'senx8ach, or stanteo,enr'on statehasen k8ach, - It is not for a little that he cries, or, if he cries inconsolably.

 

When ti or sti precede te they change the final i into a, as ;

 

Stanθo te eerhatateθistentondi, - We do so no more at the age you two are.

 

When the negative te meets with the verb chi,entak8i, to do on purpose, it is thus placed after it;

 

Chi8a,istak'8ite,en, - I did not do that on purpose.

 

When any verb wants the negative tense, then we make use of the personal affirmative, as I will not do it on purpose.

 

Chia,itakatechien, -Would I do it on purpose ?

Chia,on,itak8ikatai chien, - Would I have done it on purpose ?

 

T8innen and tsaten which are always of the feminine gender and singular number, as;

 

T8innen onta8e endesa, - Who is that who comes?

 

Anner'onnon can be both genders and numbers, as;

Anner'onnon d'ahaoň8achien - Of what country are those Men, who have killed us.

 

Some particles are always put after, as; asen, skenretasken, ati, ondaieati; as

 

Ta,iten'rasen, or, ta,itenrasken, - Pray have pity on me.

Tatichien, - And why then ?

Ihatonkati, - He says then.

 

Sen and oňek sometimes precede, and sometimes are put after;

Tasente, aketas, - God grant that I may not carry.

Te ,aketask8a, - That I do not carry.

Oňekharihoniak, - He tells a story at pleasure.

'Eňeθ’ňek, - It is only grease.

Orih8skon oňekhatendot, - He relates the affair without reason.

 

Many French adverbs are expressed by verbs, as;

 

Saθa'rat tarih8arinsten, - Instruct me well.

 

When aθar'ati supplies the place of the adverb, well.

Sak8ichoton xahatser, - Do that briskly.

Sateiennondia, or, tisehetaton. - Act rightly.

Sateia'tahadechiatrio, - Fight generously.

Hati8o,ihatié, - They go together.

Achinkihennonhatie, - They are all three together.

A,atetsirti'a,end,onr'sannen - I have a fearful mind.

Okidechate ondi,onr'8annen, - She has a great mind.

 

Eθaonda,en8a'ti, or, eθoton dore hondi,onr'ask8i, or, otentondi te hondi,ont, or ,ande8ate tehondiont, - He has no spirit, he is altogether a poor spirited man.

Ondêhaoten hiatsten d'âsetenrhai, d'âsennon hseha, - His worthy of compassion, or of affection.

 

The word 8ten joined to a substantive signifies the manner, or the quality, or the material from which, as,

Taotichi at8ten, - How art thou made?

Teonnianniti chiat8ten, or, Chie8end8ten, - I do not approve of his manner of acting or of speaking.

Taotenti a,arih8ten desarihsa 8an, - How is your book made ?

O8hista a,aset8ten, - A metal bottle, as of brass.

 

Some words are taken declinable and indeclinable,

ex. on8e, oki:—Etsihenstatsi, as,

 

Oki satatonnia, - Deeds of the devil.

On8e saton, - Make yourself a man.

Etsihenstatsi et hoton, - He has since become a Jesuit.

 

Nouns signifying animated things are conjugated; those signifying other things are not; thus we do not say

Achink atinnonchia, but Three males.

achink i,annon chia,e, or

rather, i,annonske achink

ihatindiahaon, We say—Achink i,aata,e tia8ennon,o, - Three eels, or how many eels?

 

The second part of this Grammar contains Verbs, whether simple or relative. There are five conjugations of simple verbs, which are distinguished by the initial syllable of the infinitive.

 

The first is in a—as akétati—to carry.

The second in ga—as ,aθeti—to pound, to grind.

The third in e—as ehiarandi—to remember.

The fourth in ge—as geneon—to die.

The fifth in o—as oriti—to season.

 

The Hurons want the infinitive, but we take the perfect for the infinitive.

 

Verbs are of two kinds, as among the Latins, the personal and impersonal.

 

There is a double paradigma, or method of declining a whole verb, or at least some of its tenses. The one is called the paradigma chi, when the second person singular begins by ch. The other is called the paradigma s, when the same person begins with s.

 

There are three numbers as among the Greeks.

 

The personal verb is manifold, namely, the active, the relative, the passive, the neuter reciprocal, the common, the deponent; add the relative passive, the neuter acquisitive, and verb signifying motion.

 

The simple and active verb is that which signifies action without respect to any person, as ,ahiaton—to write.

 

The relative is that which regards any person, as ,achiendaen—to cultivate any one's acquaintance; and is twofold, namely, the one from its nature regarding any person, as achiendaen; the other, which from being absolute becomes relative by the addition of a final increment, as ,aθeθandi— to grind for any person, from aθeθi—to grind. It is also relative when derived from another relative, as ,aatia,indi —to cut a piece of an animal for any one, derived from the relative, ,aatia,i—to cut an animal into pieces. Moreover the verb is not said to be relative unless it regards a living object, but is of either paradigma, according to the idea to be expressed by it, whether passive or active. When active, it does not require the paradigma ch, as ha,hiendaenk— he cultivates her acquaintance; but when passive, the paradigma s, as hochiendaenk—his acquaintance is cultivated by her.

 

The passive is formed from the active, either by the encrease of the initital at, or end; or by changing the conjugation of the active verb into another. Thus ata'seti—to be concealed, from ase'ti—to conceal. Endi8haric'hiai, from eri8haric'heai—to make a garment; i'chondi—to dress one's self, or, to be dressed. Of the first conjugation, a,achondi. Of the second, to accommodate.

 

The reciprocal is formed from the passive by the addition of the initial encrease at, atata'se'ti—to be hid between, to hide one's self.

 

The neuter is that which does not signify action, as, 'annonh8andi—to be sick; of the paradigma s, enheon—to die.

 

The common is that which has a double signification; one simple, the other relative, as, onnhe—to live, and to give life to any one.

 

The deponent is that which having a passive sound, has an active signification as atennhandi—to hire workmen; from annhandi—to govern, in like manner ateiensti—to learn; a,aiensti—to teach.

 

The relative-passive is that which may have a relative signification having a passive sound, as, aten'doton—to relate, from ,andoton—to relate; ata'ronton—to be informed of the condition of any one, from aronton—to interrogate any one.—Thus ahatonta8andi—to escape from some one, from ,aatonta8andi—to take prisoners from any one.

 

The neuter-acquisitive is a verb derived from the neuter which signifies any thing that may happen to the advantage or disadvantage of any one, as from ate,en—to burn, is derived ate,asenni—to burn for any one. These verbs are of the paradigma s.

 

Add to these some impersonal verbs, as iond8s—it rains; ianh8ens—it snows, and similar ones, which when they are said to happen to the advantage or disadvantage of man become personal of the paradigma s, as eont iond8t—it will rain upon us; eon,8ah8nha—it will snow upon us; a,ond8s —it rains upon me.

 

The Hurons may derive from one primitive verb many others which add a new signification to the primitive one, as from oten,en—to burn, are derived the following:—

 

Ate,asenne, - To burn for any one.

Ate,ati - To light a fire.

Ate,atandi, - To light a fire for any one.

,aatate,atandi,—from            - To burn some animal for any one.

A,atate,ati, - To burn some animal.

'Aatate,aθakei,- To make use of something, to burn a living thing.

 

The impersonal verb is double. The first signifies any thing not depending upon the will, and co-operation of man, as;

Iok8as, - It blows.

Ondennon, - It is calm.

Oθor'é, - It is cold.

Otarihati, - It is warm.

 

These are declined like the third person singular feminine, as;

Iond8s, - It rains.

Ond8sk8a, - It was raining.

Aond8ti, - It rained.

Aond8tinnen,            It had rained.

Eond8t, - It will rain.

Aond8st, - It will rain immediately.

Orast aiond8sk8a, - It would rain again.

 

The second involves in its signification one or some men indeterminately, as, he is rubbed, eθeθa, and formed altogether from the personal by preserving its conjugation and the paradigma of its sense, as, eθeθak—he was rubbed, like the paradigma ch, and a,oθeti—it hath been rubbed, of, the paradigma s.

 

Verbs signifying motion are of two kinds, some take after them one of the particles hor, non, xon, ron, son, θon. Others add tion or hation to the termination of the infinitive as, ,ahiatontion, a,iher'ation aras k8anhation.

 

OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF VERBS.

There are six moods; the indicative, the imperative, the optative, the subjunctive, the personal, and the infinitive.

 

We call the personal or conditional mood that which answers to the French termination in Rois, as;

A,eθet, - I should bruise.

Aon,eθetinnen, - I should have bruised.

 

The personal mood is often used to signify negation, as;

Ahaiennron, - Would he be bad? for

Tehaiennron, - He is not bad.

 

In like manner, it is often used for the future negative; as ahaon ati chien, or, tatichien áhaon, for stanatiaondi te haon de—he will not arrive for certain; or tatichien tahaon honi.

 

There are nine tenses—the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the future affirmative, the future negative, the future of continuation, and the first and second aorist.

 

There are four primitive tenses from which the others are formed, namely—the present infirmitive, the present indicative, the future affirmative, and the future negative. From the present infinitive are formed, the present indicative and perfect, whose final is the same as the infinitive. From the present indicative is formed the imperfect, by the addition of some final increment. From the imperfect is formed the future of continuation; as e,eθe θai—I will continue to pound, from the imperfect e,iθe θak; k passing into the diminutive g. Also, e,arask8asksa—I will continue to walk, from arask8ask8a, sk8a passing into ska.

 

Moreover, the present indicative, the imperfect, the future of continuation, and the second aorist, are allied tenses, both because the latter are derived from the former, and because they are of the same paradigma. From the perfect are formed the pluperfect. They are also allied tenses for the reasons just explained.

 

The pluperfect, for the most part, takes nnen after the final of the perfect.

 

The future is mixed with the preterite, and the preterite conditional adds only k. Thus, from

 

A,eθeti, - I have rubbed—are formed.

A,eθetinnen e8a,eθetik, - I shall have rubbed.

Aon,eθetik, - I might have rubbed.

 

From whose second person, having taken away the augment, is made the imperative, mixed with the preterite saθetik.

 

The future affirmative, the first aorist, the imperative and the present of the personal mood, are allied tenses because they are of the same termination; as e,aθet, a,eθet, â,eθet, seθet; wherefore, from the future six others are thus derived, as the first aorist changes e into a short; but the personal mood into a long or a dipthong, resolvable into ae or ai.— But the imperative is formed from the second future or the first aorist by taking away the increment, and changing, for the most part, ch into s. Thus from achieθet, or, e'hieθet, is made seθet.

 

The future negative is twofold, the one which is the same as the perfect indicative; this is the negative before which is put the negative particle stante; as stante 8a,aketati. The other, which is formed from the present, by taking the augment and adding some of the particles denoting emotion, namely, nde, he, che, xe, se, and θe; as tae,eθe Bande—I will not rub; or rather, te,eθe θande.

 

But if the negative particles te, or stante be omitted, it will become the future of continuation, both in the indicative, as e,eθeθande, and the imperative, saθeθande— continue to pound.

 

From this negative future is formed the personal negative mood by the addition of nd, or nn to the end of it, which is the same; as te,θeθa'ndend.

 

All verbs want the participles, supines, and gerunds, which are thus supplied:

 

The infinitive supplies the place of—first, the past participle, as achonde—the thing happened; whence ,achondinnen, e,achondik.

 

Secondly—It supplies sometimes the signification by the addition of the vowel e, or the syllable ke; as,

 

,achiens tie, - In making a feast.

,annonchi,e' - Whilst we were assembled.

Atrendaenke, - Whilst we were praying to God.

 

Thirdly—Supines are supplied by adding one of the particles of motion to the verb; as,

A,ara θon'θe, - I go to bed.

A, tsadaion'de, - I go to dine.

A, aketaθe, or, a'aketatihatie, - I go to carry.

 

Fourthly—Supines in u, as mirum dictu, are supplied by the final particles s or ti, r or k, or keî, which signify quality; as, a,ahsat—to gather for dressing; or, by the present infinitive itself; as, Andorond'aketati, or, d'aionke'tat, - Difficult to carry.

 

Fifthly—The future participle passive as, arnandus, is supplied by the relative with the personal mood as asechiendaen, ahonachiendaen, or by the addition of ti, 8ti, k8i; as,

Hondera'8ati, - Admired.

 

Sixthly—The preterite participle amatus, is supplied by the relative; as, Hoňannonh8e, or, sennonh8e, We love him.

 

When the French particle que comes between two verbs, it is thus expressed,

I,erheθoahaer,- I wish that he may do that, in the place of thou mayst do that, as if it were, I wish your decision would do that, as the Italians say. But it is said

Isa I,onnhas, i,atonk saras k8a, - I order you to depart.

A,onehien tsihon, - I command you to speak.

 

OF THE FORMATION OF TENSES.

Verbs whose infinitive ends in a, do not form their tenses in the same manner.

 

The following have the present in a, the imperfect in ak, the future in en, the future negative in andi; as,

Aksenra, - To say something.

,ara, - To put upon.

,arih8a'ra, - To put upon a table, (i.e. a book).

Or'a, - To haft, to put a handle to.

Kannhontra, - To put end to end.

 

Of the Paradigma ch.

Ka,ann'ra, - To look at.

 

Some relatives however, in tra, as ,aatra—to paint actively; kaerontra—to resemble, to represent actively. Relatives that have the future in aren, and the negative in ar'ande, at,annontra or ennontra—to follow any one. Have the future in tren, the negative in trande; but chier'a—to be upon one's guard, of the paradigma ch, has the future in raha, or rai: the negative in ra,e,nk-,aatra, neuter to be present, to assist the future in traha, the negative in trahei; in the like manner, θoi,a—I am as tall as that, and ,anneate'ntra—to be lying, from onnea—a bone, and atentra —to be extended.

 

Ak8a—to lie, is thus declined:

 

Present, Notasa, - He lies,

 

Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, - θoihok8ak - He has lain there.

 

Future, - Ehokaa,

Negative, Stante hota'nde - He will not lie down.

 

Verbs in e have the following:—The present in e, the imperfect in ek, the future in ei, the negative in e,e,enk.

 

Haatate, - He is present there.

Ha8endate, - His word is staked in it.

.Arih8ate, - That affair is comprised in it

Onnhe, - To be alive,

Honnonste, - He is stingy.

 

Of the            paradigma s, of the second conjugation.

Ondechate, - There is a country.

 

Of the paradigma ch, of the fifth conjugation.

,aronhiate, - There is a heaven.

,Ontare, - There is a lake.

,arhate, - There is a forest.

Ioste, - That weighs.

 

Of the paradigma s, of the second conjugation.

Hoti rastie, - He is patient.

 

Of the second paradigma s.

,a,enre, - There is a scarcity.

,astore, -She makes haste.

Te orhatek, - It is light.

 

The paradigma s, of the imperfect.

Orhaθe,hak ,atshenie, - To burn the field.

Imperfect, - Eniehek.

Future,            - Enie.

Negative, - Eniehe.

Present, - Iek.

 

Ohare,—To wash.

Imperfect, - Rehek.

Future,            - Rei.

Negative, - Rende.

Present, - Rek.

 

Ekonnhek,—I help you.

Imperfect, - Hehek.

Future, - He,

Negative, - Hehe, - I forbid you.

 

,af8e,—To row.

Present, - 8ek.

Imperfect, - 8ehek.

Future,            - A8e.

Negative, - Ehe.

 

Teorhaθe,—To be light.

Present, - θek.

Imperfect, - θehek.

Future,            - θei.

 

The following have only the present and imperfect in use:—Ho,ete—he carries; tek of the second paradigma s; hotrihote—he is attentive; tek of the first. Oθor'e—it is cold; sθorek, of the paradigma s; a8en'che—the snow bears; chek handare—it remains, of the paradigma ch, ek. Other tenses are changed from atrihotati—to listen.— Aθorate, enchate, endarate.

 

The following have the present in ech, the imperfect in esk8a, the future in a,e, the negative in eche.

Atia,e, - To make water.

Tia,ech an'8ae, - To thresh corn.

,an,8aech ah8ak, - To strike (i.e. with a hammer upon a nail.)

,aheaech e'tar'e, - To put fresh earth upon corn.

 

From eta—field, and a'e—to push.

'Atsistar'e, - To stir the fire.

A,e, - To be awakened.

Stante,iech,

 

'Iesksa, e,iek, or ehaek, negative ae,ch a,e when it is joined to the end of numeral words, is thus declined:

Tendite8enta,e, - Two days.

Imperfect—Tesenta,ennen, - He had two days.

Future—Te8entaek, - Two days hence.

 

Achink, r8enta,ek, - Three days hence.

Achink e,aata,e, - Three moons.

Ndak i,a,onnha,e, - Four summers.

Sichihatonnieňe, - They are five in a canoe.

A8en ihatiata,e, - They are ten.

 

It must be remarked that some verbs of this termination have no perfect and pluperfect; but they take their perfect by putting the initial of the preterite.

 

Verbs ending in i, compounded of i signifying plenty have the following tenses—the present in i, the imperfect in'nen, the future ik, the negative eche or chinidi; as,

Annonchi, - Your hut is full.

 

Those ending in ai as ,achiai and its compounds have the present in each; as,

Tehiaich, - I finish, I consume.

'Echia'ksa, echien, te,echiatae: also annon chichai, - To make a hut.

And—Ate iendichiai, - To do properly.

 

Those ending a'ndi, e'ndi, i'ndi, o'ndi, with the long penult; form all their tenses almost in the same manner—namely, the present, in as, es, is, osk8a—as

Annhandi, - To command,

Atenrandi, - To divide.

Katandi, - To be standing.

,aesandi, - To be poor.

Chiarandi, - To recollect.

 

The future in aha, the negative ache.

Atentandi—to sleep, has the future in ta, the negative ta8ache or stante hotandi of the paradigma s, senta—sleep.

 

—Thus:

Aa,endi, - To go out.

Andia,endi, - To escape.

,aatin,endi, - To go out of a place where one has been hid.

,a,endi, - To clean one's self.

Onnhon,endi, - To punish.

 

Have in the present, ,ens, the imperfect, ensk8a, the future, ,enha, the negative, enche.

 

Some have enk in the future, but not ‘enha, as;

Atehendi, - To be ashamed.

Aterendi, - To leave something by forgetfulness.

 

Of the paradigma s; k8ahendi—to hate; of the paradigma ch; ,andi,onr'ato,endi—to know; of the paradigma s; eiachendi—to put one's self in a passion; of the paradigma s; at,a'chia torendi—to feel pain; of the paradigma s; has the present, a'echiatorka, torhak, toren, torande, and,onrhendi—to forget; of the paradigma s; has henc,henk, henche, aienh8endi—to know; h8is, h8, cha, h8iche, ,arindi, to be spill't (it is spoken of liquor,) ris riha, riche.

 

NOTE.—When the speech is concerning an actual thing we say, ,eienhsi, but if concerning an habitual matter, or of many; we say ,eienh8is.

 

The following have k instead of ha in the future;

,anniainindi, - To delay.

E8a,enniannik, - I will delay, or, I will delay a long time, (i.e. to come.)

 

Of the paradigma s, aerendi—to be furnished.

E,aerik, - There will be enough.

 

It is said h'onnianni, not honneannis—he delays ; h'onnianninnen, not honniannisk8a—he delayed; of the paradigma s.

 

Entondi—to increase; of the paradigma s; tos, toha, toche, askondi—to fall into the water (it is spoken of an animated thing,) skos, skoha, skocheondi, (of an inanimate thing,) to fall into water. Os oha, oche, anna, ondi— the fish gives; ,annaos, naoha, naoceh, a,a,ondi—to wear out one's self; a,ons, a,oncha, a,onche.

 

Those ending in andi, endi, indi, ondi, with the short penult, differ from the aforesaid, and for the most part are relative.

 

But all relatives in andi have the present dik, dihik, dien, andihe, thus annondandi—to wish, to love. The present, nondandik—I love; stondandik—thou lovest; tye future ennonnen, the negative stantennondandihe. Aθa'râtandi—to oblige; the present tandik, the future ten, the negative tandihe ,aesk8andi of the paradigma s, the present dik, future, k8en; k8andiche—to laugh. Onesksandi—to be quite glad. Ksandek, ksen, ksaandihe. But endihendi— to borrow from some one; future, endehas, have the rest as the former.

 

From these, however, are excepted those verbs which have one future in indi, with the short penult which are, for the most part, relatives. Thus—,on'a,indik—I cut for you; e,on asen, having changed indi, of the infinitive into sen.

 

Aierihndi, - To satisfy any one.

Eskierisen, - You will satisfy me.

Ontrahnendi, - To put something in a bag for some one.

Eskontrasen, - You will put for me.

Ennonh8endi, - To be hurried, to be in haste.

 

Though it be not relative, it has e8a,ennon sen of the paradigma s. Endesh8indi, relative, to communicate his sickness to any one, has eskendeohas—you will infect me with your sickness.

 

The relative in ondi has for the most part the future in onhons, the rest as the relative in andi, endi, indi. Thus ahiatondi — to write for any one; e,onhiatonhons— atendotondi is excepted; it has however, in the future, e,onatendoton. Onde—to finish, present, ondech, future, on'dei, negative on'de'che. Ondi—to do, and its compounds have onniak, onniahak, future, onnia, negative, oniande — Thus achondi, to accomodate of the paradigma ch — ksatronhiondi—to quarrel with any; of the paradigma ch, aterennondi—to do properly, of paradigma ch. Its terminations in gi'a,i—to eat; present i,ech, i,esksa, e,ei, negative, stante,exe.— ,arihsanderai—to fish; rach, rai, raxe. Annoňa,i—to have a desire to eat any thing. Askarah8a,i —to broom. Enda'tiai—to eat to excess; ,aati—to break, to cut: At,a,rii—to overturn, present, r'is, future, r'ik. And ,ennoni—to go to seek, present, nonch, future, noni, negative, nonche.

 

Verbs in senni as well relative as absolute form the future by taking away enni, of the infinitive as, eiachisenni—to hate any one; eskeiachias—thou wilt hate me. The others as verbs in andi, endi, &c. with the short penult, in present, ik, imperfect, chik, future negative, ihe.

 

From asensenni—to fall to any one, of the paradigma s.

A,asensenni, - That is fallen to me.

E8atasens, - That will fall to me.

 

Verbs in ri onder'i—a thing secured, and its compounds, as, horih8an'dirï—a thing secured; future eorih8a'ndirha, negative stanté orih8andiche. Ori—to be perplexed, and its compounds, have the present in oiak, or oïes, the imperfect in oiahak, the future in oia, the negative in oai'nde; thus,

 

Annonh8arori, - To sing his death song.

,an'8sor'i, - To stu la sagamité.

Atori, - To hunt, to start game.

Atontarori, - The lake is agitated.

,Entenri, - To have pity.

 

Present, xetenrha—I have pity on people; future, exetenr; negative, tenra'nde.

 

Enri—to leave, omitting the paradigma s; present enrha, future enr, negative tenran'de. Thus the compound ,arih8enri—to omit any thing.

 

Verbs ending in ste, ti, tsi—Arih8iosti—to believe, to think, to esteem; chrihsiosda — thou believest; future, echrih8iost; negative, techrih8io'sta'nde. ,asti — to serve one's self with something, of the paradigma ch—to deliver some one, to do or suffer for him.

 

What the Hurons call ,askorasti, has the present rasθa; future, rast; negative, rastan'de.

 

Asti has in the present, ihasθa—he serves himself with it; in the future, ehast—he will serve himself with it; in the negative, stant'e hastan'de.

 

Atestenti—to descend; chiatestenθa, future, echiatestent; negative, te,hiatestentan'de.

 

Endaon nénti—to descend the river, of the paradigma ch. θaereda onnent, nentan'de, ,a,onda'ti—to augment; chiè,ondaθa, the future, gives the negative, da'tan'de ate,tati—to light fire, of the paradigma ch. A'θa, at, atan'de, and so all the compounds, from ti final, signifying quality.

 

But verbs whose ti final does not signify quality, and whose penult is short, from their tenses thus; as, at, aθe; thus:

Aθorati, - To be cold, of the paradigma s.

Atrihotati, - To listen, of the paradigma ch.

,anda8ati, - To dig, of the paradigma ch.

Atsenti, - To dress a wound,togive physic

,aeriti, - To finish, to accomplish, of the paradigma ch.

K8atonti, - To put themselves together, of the paradigma ch.

Tehontons, - They are together, that is, at the same dish.

Skannonti, - To miss his aim, it always reduplicates.

Onsahannont, - He has missed his aim.

Stante sa,e8endannons - None of my words have escaped him, he hears all.

Endarati, - To inhabit, of the paradigma ch.

Ochate, - The winter comes, of the paradigma ch.

Onnhonti, - To give life.

,andiatensti,- To call.

Chiendatens, - You call him

 

the future, echiendiatens; negative, techiendiatense'. So oňatsi—to gather; present, chioňas—thou—gatherest; future, echioňas; negative, ofňase'. Atati—to speak; tiak, tia, tiande.

 

Verbs in h8i, 8i, k8i, and x8i,, and terminating in hid, have ach, ak, a8he; as,

O'trah8i, - To travel over, o'trach, otrak, otrah8e,

,ariho'trah8i, - To repeat a prayer.

,annontrahsi, - To bury.

,annenchonhsi, - To cover something, that is, a trunk.

Askétrah8i, - To paint, or make of different colours, as a gown.

A,aenh8i, - To put some utensil out, as, of a hut.

 

(but ,a,aendi—to go out, is called neuter, and follows verbs in endi, with the long penult),

,aatin,enh8i—to put a man out of the hut; (,aatin,endi—to go out, neuter, and follows

verbs in endi, with the long penult.)

Atitrah8i, - To put one's self in a canoe, of the paradigma ch.

Asoh8i, - To stain something, of the paradigma ch.

A'rontroh8i, - To plunge.

 

Verbs ending in a8i, have ach, future; negative, a8he, —thus: ,achiendia8i—to disdain. Chiechiendiach, future, endia, &c.

 

'Oka8i—to spoil any thing; chiokach; future, echi'oka; negative, a8he.

 

Ate'raka8i—to mark, to draw, of the paradigma ch.— But ,onda8i—to fish, of the paradigma s. Anda8i—I have fished, future e8anda8i—I will fish. K8i, final signifying

quality, ,andero'nk8i—to value, storonk8a—thou valuest; future, estoro'nk8a, negative, testoro'nk8an'de. X8e final, has present x8ach, future, x8a, negative, x8ache, thus;

,aenx8i, - To make or to have fields.

,annhonx8i, - To put in the mouth.

,askonx8i, - To put in the fire.

K8atox8i. - The sun sets.

K8asenx8i, - To cry.

 

Verbs ending in o; ,aio for ,ario—to strike, to wound, present, rios;- imperfect, riosk8a; future, rio; negative, rioche. Sometimes and oftner riohe in the second person, chr,aro for ,arao—to fell, to prepare wood; raoch, raosk8a, rao, raoche; the second person chao; the third haroch—to spring; a'ndio, to grow; dios, diosk8a, ndiok, ndioche. I,o— there is something liquid, imperfect tiok—there was, e,oha— there will be (that is water,) signifying also, he will fall (that is into the water,) vide ,ondi—to fall into water, concerning an inanimate object, as though it were oondi—to distinguish, ,ondi—to do ,andto—to pass somebody in a canoe, It is always joined to the verb of motion hon, in this manner, andiohon—to go and pass some one in a canoe, present he; imperfect henn; future ha; negative hese'. ,a8endio to be master, is thus declined, stanchie8andiote,en—thou art not master. Stanchie8endiote,en'nen; future, is-achie8en dioe,enk, or e8aton; negative te'8aton'de.

                       

Verbs ending in 8an are pronounced as if they were 8en. Those verbs in an have ach or as, future a, negative ahe. Thus, ,a'x'8an—to steal, to plunder, of the paradigma ch, x8ach, x8a; negative x8ache. Asko8an, of the paradigma ch—to draw a man or an animal out of the water, ,an'nra8an, of the paradigma ch—to dance, nra8asn'raea, 'nra8ache. A8tak8an — to promise, of the paradigma ch; present k8as. Enta8an—to pass a day, of the paradigma ch; present, ta8as. Except kak8an—to lift up, future te,ek—I will lift up, not, teeksa; negative k8an'de. In like manner aska8an—to chew, chiaska8has; future echiaska; negative t'esaska8an, or t'echias kaohande, but this is less in use.

 

Verbs ending in 'en, ien, ennen, &.

 

Verbs in en have the present in xa, the negative in ande. Thus ar'on,en—to listen, paradigma ch; ar'onxa, e,aroni —they will hear; negative, stante,ar'on,ande, ate,en—to burn, to have fire, of the paradigma s; present, 8teixa— there is fire; future, 8tei; negative t'eotefln'de. Atro,en—to make love, of the paradigma ch; atroxa, future, troi; negative, te,atro,an'de. ,ato,en—to perceive, of the paradigma ch; etoxa, future, e,etoi: negative, o,an'de. ,andáen —to sow, of the paradigma ch, indaxa—I sow; future, endai, negative, stantenda,an'de. But o,ein—to make water, (it is spoken of a canoe) is excepted present, i,o,as—it makes water; future, ,eoxa; negative, stante,o,áche—,En—to be made, or to become, is put after some words which cannot be conjugated. Thus, chie8indiote,ien—thou art not master. Stan,anh8ate,ennen—it was not a thing of consequence; future, ,arih8ae ,enk, or e8aton — that will become an affair, or, it will be a subject of quarrel; negative, stan,arish8a tesatonde—that will not be, or will not become a subject of dispute. Endie,8endio áioton'nen, or, âen'nen—I would have been master of it; ,aen—to be, of the paradigma ch; e,aen—there is; imperfect, 'aentak there was; future, ea'entai—there will be; negative, stante,aentaie,enk—there will not be. And thus in composition, andahiaen—there is a knife; ,andahiaentak; future, e,andahiaentia. Some compounds from aen, add t to the infinitive; as, atrendaent—to pray to God; for atrendaen, atrendaenhak, from the present, ,atrendaenk.

 

Perfect, - A,atrendaen.

Pluperfect, - Aatrendaentak.

Future. - E,atrendaen.

Negative. - Te,atrendaende.

 

It is thus said atient—to sit, for atien, and ,ahaehebt—to hold a council, for ,achachen, they form their tenses as atrendaent. ,aarihen—to be better, of the paradigma s, a,ieriha'ch; future e8a,ienk; negative t'e8a,ieriha'se. Ohiahen— to split wood, of the paradigma ch,ohiahas. Oh8ichatihen, of the second conjugation of the paradigma s—she is feeble; imperfect hennen; future eoh8i chatihenk; negative t'eoh8i chatiha'se. ,an'nien—to bark, of the paradigma ch,i,an'diatk—the dog barks, future etandia; negative té,andian’de. Ataien—to smoke, of the paradigma ch. etaiak—I smoke, future e,etaie ; negative te,etaian'de. But a,aien—to eat, of the paradigma ch, present ias; future ia; negative iahe; is only in use when compounded, ,andataraien—to eat bread, present 'ndatara,ias; future endataraaia; negative t'endatara,aiahe. Acha,ennen—to quarrel about an ax, to fight who will have it, of the paradigma ch. present ,acha,ennha; future e,acha,enn; negative stanté,acha,nna'nde. Ak8a,annen — to speak a foreign language, of the paradigma ch present, ak8a,annha future, e,ak8a,ann; negative te,ak8a,anna'nde. Asa,annen, of the paradigma ch tospeak, to pronounce in the manner of strangers; ,asa,annha; future, ,asafinn. Atiatox8annen—to swallow an animal, of the paradigma ch, present x8annha, ,a,andennen of the paradigma s in composition as aonde'cha, andennen —the earth trembled, present ,andennha; future eaondecha, andenn, t'eaonde'cha, andenna'nde ,aeren—to make, ierha— I make, e,ier—I shall make, t'é,iarande—I shall not make. ,aatannen—to be delicate, of the paradigma ch; present ,iatannen, ,iatannennen—I was delicate, future chaatannenk. ,annr'en—to bind, of the paradigma ch; present ,ennren, imperfect ,onnrennen, e,enrenn—I shall bind, negative te,enn'renche. Orannoňen—that is wet, imperfect orannoňennen that was wet; future, eorannoňenk, only, osen—to dress a skin, of the paradigma ch; present, os; future, os; negative, Stant'esa, osen, or, te,ose. Atonsen—to thank, of the paradigma ch; present, ,atoňes; future, e,atoňes; negative, te,atoňese, or t'e8a,atoňesen. Kaxen—to be double; tehixen—they are double; tehixen'nen, in composition, as, kandeh8axen—to join two skins together, of the paradigma ch; tendh8axas—I join; tendeh8axa—I shall join. — Stantatendeh8axa'se—I shall not join. 'An'dotan—to relate; relative, present, perfect, pluperfect, tonk, ton.—I will relate; ton'de— I will not relate. Thus, ,ahiaton — to write; atsaron, to cry; aronton—to interrogate, all of the paradigma ch. But aton—to be possible, preterite ononnen. Anon—to enter; onk—I enter; on—I have entered both of the paradigma ch. Aton—to be lost, of the paradigma ch; stante8a'tonk this does not perish; ,andoron—to be of importance; present, ron; imperfect, ronk. ,aendaon—to receive; iendaons—I receive, I take; aon—I will take; on'de—I will not take, both of the paradigma ch.— Those change on into a, for the future which follow:— ,aenchon—to flay, of the paradigma ch; present, chons; future, cha; negative, chonhe. Thus the following—ah8ichennion, ka,ennion, both of the paradigma ch; ,aarennion turned away, of the paradigma ch; ,aten'taron—to hang out for sale, of the paradigma ch; future, tentra, for tentara; 8skaton—to detach, to pull; 8skra, for 8skatra; onharon—to weed, paradigma ch; future, onhra, for onhara. Kandi,onkennion—to deceive, paradigma ch; k8endi,on’te,aron—to have wit, paradigma ch; future, on'te,ra, for onte,ara; ex:—

 

Ate,endi,ontera, - I shall have a frank mind.

K8enton, - To go and return in a day, paradigma ch.

Ate,enta, - I shall return today (said I in parting.)

Kaentaton, - To bend a stick.

Te,ienta'a, - I shall bend.

Ennion - to pass, has endi in the future.—Thus:—

,Atennion, - To change, paradigma ch.

Setendi, - Change, turn the dish.

Enditennion, - To blame, paradigma c­h.

Enheon, - To die, paradigma ch.

 

Future e,ihei; negative t'e,iheon'ehe. Ation—to quit, to throw, of the paradigma s, is irregular, present a,aties—I quit, future e8a,ati; negative t'e8a,atie'se; and is similarly compounded with ontion, as ,aatontion—to abandon any one.

 

The relative on in verbs of motion in which there is a double present, the one in e, as. when one is actually going on a journey, or at the end of it; the other in es to signify custom and habit; whence the imperfect is also two fold, the one in enn answering to the present in e, and the other in esk8a answering to the present in es.

 

Verbs of motion, (as for the most, in the aorist,) differ from the termination of the future affirmative, and have e not a, as, ahalrendae'nde—he goes to pray to God, when either he is on the road or at least is in readiness for the journey.— Atrendaennen, present—,atrendaende—I come to pray to God, or I arrive at the place where I ought to pray to God; or, ,atrendaen'de—I go habitually to pray to God, or, I am accustomed to go to pray to God, imperfect da'endennt, or daesk8a: future e,atrendaerida; negative, e,atrendae'nde'se ,an’notration—to follow some one. Relative, present traties; future tratia; negative tratie'se. Atannon—to go to bed, paradigma s. Tandes or tan’de, negative tandese. K8aten'da8achou—to go to hunt, of paradigma ch; endiachion—to borrow, of the paradigma ch. ,Ennonchion—to go and fetch some one. Relative, ,enronnon—to go to take any one. Relative from ,entron. The following differ in the future affirmative as ahenton—to go before, of the paradigma ch; future e,ehent. Annionnon—to take; future e,ennionn; ,annentraienton — to go along the edge of the water, of the paradigma ch; future traient. Ask8innon—to cover, future ehask8indet. I,'er—It is the sun, imperfect i,arak; future e,arai. ,Arih8ar—that is the thing, imperfect ,arih8arak; future e,arih8arai. Ka,akarent—to have two eyes, of the paradigma ch; te,e,a’karent—my two eyes, imperfect ,te,ea'kar'entak; future t'e,a'kar'enten. Negative, stanta'te,eaka'rent a'nde. ,Eskarent — my mouth, eskarentak e,eskarenten, t'e,ska'renta'nde, ,ehekarent—my bottom, ,eheka'rentak; future e,ehekaren'ten &c. Askont— to be roasted, of the paradigma ch; perfect ,askont—that is roasted; e,askontaha—that will be roasted; negative tache. Ar sesta,e aontaha—that has just fallen into the fire; but it is said hoskontandi—it is burnt; ,aatont—to be bound, to be a captive, of the paradigma ch; haatont—he is bound, eha'atontaha—he will fall into snares; negative tehaatontache, but it is said haatontandi—he has fallen, &c.

 

When these and like verbs are taken actively, as ,andiont or ,a'akont—to suspend in the air any thing, they have in the future, ,ehaatonten—he will bend him, ehaaskonten— he will roast the eel, as ehandionten or ehaa'konten—he will suspend that above; and then in the preterite it is not said hoskontandi, hoatontandi, but hoskontak, hoatontak— he has or he had roasted it. A,endî,ont— I have spirit, paradigma s; imperfect ,a,end,ontak; future e8a,endi,ontaha te8a,end,ontache, but it is said a,end,ontandi—sense came to me.

 

Neuter, ,annont—to be in the sepulchre, paradigma ch; present ihannont; imperfect annonlak; future annontai; negative nontache, anhont; neuter—to have something in his mouth, hondatarannhont—he has bread in his mouth, hondatarannhontatie—he goes carrying bread in his mouth. But ,annontandi—to make good cheer; future hontache, paradigma s. Negative, stante'8a,e,annhontache. Atiront —to draw something, paradigma ch; present, hatiront, or hatironθa.

 

I8at—there is something inside; i8atak—there was; the other tenses are not in use, thus: onneat—there are bones there inside; onneatak. Hondïat—he has set an osier fish net; hondïatak. Hakon'chiat—he holds it before; hakonchiatak. ,A,enrat—that is white; i,a,enratak; future, e,a,enrataha—that will whiten; negative, stante,a,ren raiachei.

 

Atsat—to show; active, paradigma ch; iho'tsat—he shows now; ethatsata—he is accustomed to show; future, ehatsaten; negative, t'eha'tsatan'de.

 

Endak8andet—to commit fornication paradigma ch; the active present is twofold, namely, ondak8andet—he is in the flagrant sin of fornication, and endak8anθeda—he is wont to commit fornication. Aksant—to embark pacquets, actively of the paradigma ch; ha'k8ariθa; future, eha'k8ariten; negative, t'ehak8aritan'de.

 

Atit—to embark one's self, passive of the paradigma ch; present , ihotit, or, hatiθa, but it has a double imperfect; hotitak—he was now embarked; hatitak, habitually.— ,Aent8t—to have a stick there, or, to fix a stick in the ground, like the former signification, it is said ,aent8tak, future; e,aent8taha—the stick will stick in (i.e. in falling;) future of continuation, e'aent8tai; negative, te,aent8tache. The neuter, like the last signification, is said haentsθa —he plants; t8θak, future, t8ten; negative, t8tan'de. — Ateia'chi8t—to be in trouble, (i.e. about absent persons), neuter, of the paradigma ch, a,ateia'chi8t, or, ,ateiac’hi8θa, chi8θdak; future, e,atnia'ch8ten; negative, chi8tan'de.

 

Atiat8t—to be sentry, of the paradigma ch; thus: onnenh8st —there is corn formed in the ear; future, e,annen h8ten; negative, tan'de, has θa in the present.

 

In many verbs the actual action is expressed by the preterite, and the action as if habitual by the present; as, he is now cooking, ho,annon. Habitually, or, his office is to cook, a,annion. He dines, hotsataion. It is not his dinner hour, or, he is not accustomed to dine at this hour stanthatsa taionk xa,en’de.

 

NOTE.—The termination of the future negative in ehe, is written by the larger k. and the penult is either long or aspirate, as, stante ston8eche—thou wilt not love me. Stantoe8a,onnhéche—I shall not be ignorant of that. The termination of the same future in se, is always aspirated, as, stante,ese'—I will not go.

 

Rules common to all the Verbs.

From the present indicative ending in a, e, or o. is formed the imperfect by adding k, as,

 

Verb, Imperfect

θo’i,erha—I speak or I act in that manner, θoi'i,erhak.

A,e,ete—I carry, a,e,etek.

Ifinnhe—I laugh, i,onnhek.

Haatate—he is there,            haatatek.

 

Except words which are joined to numerals, as, tendite,8enta,e,—two days: te8enta e,nne'n—it was two days ago; achink i,rih8ae,—there are three things; achink i,arih8a,en nen—there were three things; achink itson, or, itsonn’en-they are, or, they were all three together.

 

Achink ia,ion—there are three of us, they two and I, &c. 'a,ion, ition, itson, ndak ihonsen—they are forty—ihonsennen. Tendi ate8endia8e—there are two hundred, tendiate 8endia8ennen;I,o—there is some liquor, imperfect i,ok. 'Aronto—there is a tree in the water, imperfect a'rontok.

 

When the present tenses end in i. the imperfect is formed by adding innen, as ,ientenri ,iennentenrinnen—I know, I knew; ,einh8i—I am skilled in; ,einhsinne'n, ondiri—that is strong; o'ndirinne'n. Tendi—they are two; tendinnen —they were two. Thus certain infinitives, which are used to signify the third person passive, as, 'ae'hondi—that is done, or, prepared; ae'hondi, .ae'hondinne'n. Stanθote ,aeren—that is not done thus; imperfect ,aerenn'en ont ,arihondi—that is a story; imperfect ,arihondi ehan—it was in vain.

 

From the present in ak, ek, enk, ik, onk, the imperfect is formed by inserting ha' he, hi, hon, before k, as hae'honniak—he prepares; hae'honniahak, ha'trendaenk—he prays God; hatrardaenhak, hatsiheniek—he burns the earth; hatsiheniehak, ha8ennonhsindik—he has hurried.— The paradigma of the third conjugation is s, hasennonh8indehik, hatiatonk—he writes; hahiatonhonk. The termination of the present in ch or s, is changed for the imperfect into shsat as ,harask8ach—he is going away; harask8ask8a, ,aaketas—I carry; ,ake'task8a. From the present in t is formed the imperfect by adding ak, i8at—there is something in it; i8'atak, haatont—he is a captive; haatontah, haatet— he is in a canoe; haatitak.

 

From the imperfect ending in k is formed the future of continuance by changing k into the minor g, ,eθeθak—I bruised; ,eθeθai—I shall continue to bruise or break.— Chiehiatonhonk—you wrote; sehiatonhoni—come write on; e,chonniahak—I arranged; e,echonuiahai—I shall continue to arrange, i.e. to-day; to-morrow when spoken thus, e,eθat—I will break; it is then understood to mean at one time. But when one speaks e,eθai, it is then understood of many times.

 

From the imperfect termination in sk8a, is formed the future of continuance in ska, ha'chiask8a—he consumed; eha'chias'ka. That which is in French spoken thus, j'ai pensé il ne s'en est guères fallu, j'ai presque, on, j'ai été sur le point de faire, de dire, ;&c, is by the Hurons thus spoken in the present indicative, by adding ska, a,iheonska —I thought of dying; achikeonoka—you thought of dying; 8haota,onnioska—I thought I was spoiling the whole; a,itaraska—I thought I was falling. And when one replies to any thing distant and past they use the pluperfect of the personal mood, as, aon,iheon'nen, or tioskehensehen d'aon,ihionn'en—I was near dying of it.

 

When the negative future is unknown, then the perfect is to be used with the negative particle, stante placed before. Moreover the preterite and praeter pluperfect have the same termination as the future. Stante'korask8ache, or stantehorask8an—he will not go.

 

The negative personal mood is formed from the future negative, stante harasksahenn—he would not go, thus by adding nn to the future; stante harask8ahe. There is another tense which is expressed by these words, I go doing, I go speaking, and is the same as the future negative, omitting the negative particle, stante, harask8ahe— he goes walking, he continues to walk; hahiatonde— he goes writing; sehiatonde—you have continued to write. When a continued action is joined to motion, it is expressed by hatie or tie added to the final syllable of the infinitive, as; hotrendaentatie—he continues his prayers walking; imperfect hotrendaentatien; perfect hotrendaentation; pluperfect hotrendaentationn'en; future hotrendaentatia; negative stante hotrendaentatiese, or tehotrendaantation.— Thus shotierontie—he is returning having taken some of the enemy, imperfect shotierontienn, &c. hohatitatie—he is going to take it in a canoe; a,iheonhatie—I come nearly dead; a,a'kero'ndihatie—I come in great fear. But these verbs are always of the paradigma s, a few excepted.

 

Verbs whose infinites end t, as ,ahachent, atrendaent, ,aatont,andiont, ,akont, take hatie. Verbs ending in on take the augment tie, as ,ahiaton, atendoton, except ha8enheonhatie, ihennonhatie. But with verbs of motion there is subjoined, ontie, as ,aentontie—the stick goes; arihontie—the discourse continues; the others add hatie.— Thus one says hati8eihatie—they always go together, and achinkihennonhatie—they three go in company, when one would speak of a single act; but if repeated acts are intended then they would be expressed thus, hati8eihaties, hati8eihateisk8a, ehati8eihatieska, &c.—which is also in use with certain verbs of motion, as, ,atrendaendes—I am used to go and pray to God, I go every day to pray to God; but ,atrendaende—I come to pray to God; is understood of only once. This additional letter s not only signifies frequency of action, but also plurality, as, hatirih8annens—they are great; hatinachiaθens—they are thirsty; hatindacheannens they are delicate, and if used in the singular, hari8annen, handachiathen, handachi8annen, haatannen, thus, θoegan datsasa8ate—these kettles are all of that size; θoi,andnsha the kettle is like that. That which amoung the Latins is expressed by these words, imminet, impendet, mini periculum mortis impendet, vel alterius; is expressed by particles of locality joined to the future negative, the particle negative stante been omitted. Onta,iheonche— death hangs over me; onta,ontiohe—I foresee, I have a presentiment that they will kill me, thus in a favorable signification, ontaxeiohenon8e—I foresee that I shall do much in battle, that I shall kill men; hatitoxak' hotiatato,etjes8s on8e etho tonhatien—the Prophets foresaw well that Jesus would be incarnate. But these verbs are conjugated like the other verbs of motion with the particles t, ont, &c. Thus you would say, stante ,kciheonche—death does not yet threaten me, and thus, ehiheonchen—death was then threatening me, also, heonchenn. Many verbs which are used to express as well the place, or the business, as the act, are placed in the present tense when they designate the place or business, but in the perfect when they mean the action, v. g. hatrendaenk—he is accustomed to pray to God, he professes to do so; hatrendaenhak.

 

Present. – English - Imperfect.

Hatsationk entiek Onna'8atren. - He eats or dines usually about noon, when he goes away. - hatsationhonk.

Ha,ann'ionk—he is a cook—ha,annionhonte,

Stante hahachenk –he is not a Priest, he does say Mass - stante haha' chenhak

Hotrendaen - he is at prayer now - hotrendaentak.

 

Present – English - Pluperfect.

Hotsitaion - he is dining – hotsataionk (he was dining.)

Ho,an'nion—he is now cooking or boiling the kettle. – ho,an’nionk.

Hohaehen—he is saving Mass now, - haha’entak - he was saying Mass.

 

The contrary however, is done in some verbs, as, aih8istadexa — I believe that fact; imperfect rih8istak, ,arih8iosti— I am faithful, and xienstannondete, ak8as — I do not cover myself from that; ondea,ak8atsi—I am covered fom that. Some verbs have a double future, one proximate, the other more remote—v. g.—If I am near the end of my life I have no more need of medicine—déoa'atonhatai, t'eskasaonk8ichias, this is an example of the proximate future of the paradigma s. When I am at the end of my life I shall repent of having sinned, esk8,aendi,enratak8a d'arih8andera,ide, atonhaten. I is prefixed to certain words as i,e—I go; i,atonk—I say; iond8s—it rains.—To some words nno is prefixed as to those before mentioned, to others at the pleasure of the speaker, as one says, hatoxa —he sees; or ihatoxa. It is prefixed to the first and second persons of the irregular verbs of the second conjugation in are as indare, istare, handare—I remain, you remain, he remains, unless it takes before it the augment, a. or e. or the marks of relation, taha, taehae, he, xe, &c. in one word. It is always lost after ie, θe, xe, axi, and other like marks of relation; also after the augments a, ai, e. But it is prefixed to the particles reduplicative, and to greater binary numerals, unless motion be expressed, v. g. one says, teudite skare, achnick, ih,enha, ekndak, isk8atare—to three years, add four month or moons, it is three years and four months since. But one would say, shondennion or skatshondenhion —it is a year ago. Tendite, skondennion—it is two years ago; achinck, eshondennion—it is three years ago. E. not i. (by reason of the motion, which is signified by the word ,andannion—to wait, or ketch, which is joined to the reduplicative,) signifies, to be a year ago. But if you prefix to the latter also any other numbers it will have the same signification as above—it is always placed after a8eti, as, a8etiihato xai—he sees all things.

 

OF THE CONJUGATIONS OF THE SIMPLE VERBS.

Of the personal mood—1st Conjugation.

 

NOTE 1.— T'â,aketaska—why should I carry it? has the same initials as the present affirmative of the personal mood, a,apetat, and is taken for the negative future of the indicative mood, apetaθe.

 

NOTE. 2.—In the present affirmative of the personal mood, the augment either not pure or followed by s is taken away, as if it had been a dipthong remaining from the letters ai or ae and therefore it is marked with a circumflex, as â,chetat.

 

NOTE 3.—After θe, ti, chi. A and E which are marks of the aorist and future affirmative, the particle 8 is to be inserted.

 

lo.—Before the first person singular of the paradigma s in all the conjugations, except the personal mood.

 

2o.—In the third person singular feminine of the paradigma chi, of the 1st and 3d conjugations.

 

3o.—In the third person plural, feminine of the 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th conjugations of the paradigma chi, except the third person of the verbs beginning enn and end, of the 3d conjugation, which have ,on.

 

4o.—The personal mood is often increased, by removing the augment, as if it was the mark of the imperative, as, k8atrendaen—let us pray God, for ak8atrendaen.

 

5o.—The personal mood of continuation is generally expressed thus, aonl ake'tati kioh—I would still continue to carry, or, aon' ake'tati, hatieska, oesakietati hatieska, &c.— But for the negative mood of continuance we say, aesaka8ank otesake'tati hatiend—you should have ceased to carry, or, you ought not to have continued to carry.

 

6o.—When the French I had, or, might have, can be expressed by—I could, would, or should have, the personal mood is used, v. g. I might have kneaded, if you had not stopped me. Aon, eθetin'nen onta te skenda 8eshandinn'en; but when it cannot be expressed by I could, would, or should have, the pluperfect of the indicative or subjunctive is made use of, as, if I had kneaded, I should have made some bread,—aondaθarontak θe, 8a,eθetin'nen.

 

7o.—From the imperfect of the indicative is formed another tense of the personal mood by prefixing to it the marks of the personal mood â, ae, ai, 8c. v. g. aontahonnhek asonahonhek—he would be still here; a,entak—that will be there.

 

8o.—Two tenses of the personal mood, which are in use in affirmative propositions, in negatives are never known, but in their place is used the negative personal mood, v. g. Te,eθetandenn—I should not beat, or, I should not have beaten; although one might say a,eθe,et anou,θetin'nen— I would beat, or, I might beat.

 

Of the Imperative Mood.

The imperative, properly speaking ,is formed from the second person singular of the future affirmative by taking s in the place of the characteristic chi, without prefixing e, as,

 

Imperative – English - 2d per. sing. fut. affirm.

Seθet—pound ye, - from eehi eθet.

Sarask8a—go ye away, - echiarask8a.

 

If i follows s, then t is to be prefixed to s, as tsihon—say ye, from echihon—you will say. If after, s, i short and pure is found, it is lost, as tsaanha go ye out, from echia,enha; tson—come in, from echion; tsen—place, put ye, from echien—you will put or place.

 

Verbs of the paradigma s, also irregulars of the second conjugation, beginning with ,and, ,ann, and ar, have no difference between the second person singular of the future affirmative, and the second person singular of the imperative, except that they lose the mark e, of the future, as sakei'ouha—fear ye, from esakei'ouha—you will fear; sta θara—examine ye, from estaθara—you will examine; chieh8anderai—sin ye, from echih8anderai—you will sin.—

 

The second person dual and plural is formed from the second dual, by taking the mark of the future e, as tsiθet —strike ye, from etsiθet; stehiar'aha—remember ye, from estehia'raha. When one speaks of two, t is often prefixed, as tsatont—place yourselve together; ti stihei—die ye two.

 

They use moreover the personal or future conditional in the place of the imperative, and they conjugate through all the numbers and persons, as, â,iθet—that I may strike; âchieθet—strike then; âhaθet. Imperatives are never used in negative propositions, but in their place are used the negative particles, ennon, or ennonehien, or te8asteθo, answering to the negative particle ne, and governing after them the future, as, ennonsken echiarask8a—please not to go away; te8astaθo eehiarask8a—I wish you would not go away.

 

Of the Optative Mood.

The tenses of the optative mood do not differ from the tenses of the indicative, except in the prefixing of the particle te, and taking after them the particles expressing volition; sen, asen, sken, or asken, as, te,eθeθasen—why had I not pounded ? I would wish to pound. And thus this proposition is affirmative of itself; but it is negative when one says, I would not wish to pound, and thus it is to be spoken in the negative proposition, as, ta sen, t'e ededa, ta sentes arih8andera, inen—I would that I had not sinned, or, would to God that I had never sinned.

 

Of the Subjunctive Mood.

The tenses of the subjunctive are not different from the tenses of the indicative, except in the prefixed marks θe, or deθe, signifying if; as, aeθetθe 8annenhaen—I would pound if I had any wheat.

 

When θe is placed alone, it signifies when, and then it governs the future, as, if I had, if I did; nor is it ever render ed among the Hurons by the imperfect; but it is for the most part rendered either by the present or the aorist, or by the personal mood, as, we may sin; we may commit fornication if we sleep with women—a,a8rih8anderai θea8endak 8andéθa, or, taa8endak 8andeten.

 

The following negative propositions, if I did not pound now you would scold me, and, you would scold me, if I do not pound now, you would scold me some time from this, are spoken, the first thus, as, kak8en dihoton onte,eθeθae, and the second thus, onta, eθetandenn, askak8en dihaten.

 

The perfect is mixed with the preterite, as is the perfect indicative, by having the initial e affixed, and also the final k. When the particle negative te meets with the particle θe, signifying if, then the first is changed into ta, or onta, as, would you protect me if I should not wear your clothes; as, kiatonnonstatatichientaθe, aketas, or, ontaθeaketas desaton detasau, θechiaketas, &c.

 

Of the Infinitive mood.

The infinitive has only the present. The particle of the future passive is rendered by the personal mood of the impersonal, v. g. indaie ,d,aionke'tat—a thing to be carried, or rather a thing which ought to be carried.—Observe that the infinitive mood of the Hurons is used in the same manner as with the French.

 

lo.—In itself signifying an indefinitive mood, as, one must eat.

2o.—For the object, or for food and drink.

3o.—For the act itself, as, for the act of mastication.

 

This phrase and similar ones, he will come to confess me, are thus rendered; he will come and he will confess me, onh8aeskaon, θoatie8ha, oron8as, or onh8eeshaon, chiaeska,oroin8as, or onne'ichien, or orondeati.

 

NOTE.—The futures which are used in affirmative propositions are not used in negative propositions, but only negative futures, v. g. te8a,eθeθai, or te,eθeandi—I will not pound, though one might say, e,eθet—I will pound. But as to ,e8aedetik—I should have pounded it, is expressed in the negative, asonteθaedetinke,enk—I should not yet have pounded. When the final of the future or personal mood is without the temporal augment, it is the mark of the imperative mood, v. g. sk8atrendae'nda—go and pray to God; sksaierick—let me be carried; tsisaenk, shoerik, tooenk of the paradigma s, because the verb is of the paradigma s.

 

The aorists are not used in negative propositions, but in the place of the aorist is used either the present or imperfect, or the future, because the aorist has sometimes the signification of the present, sometimes of the perfect and imperfect, and sometimes also of the future, as, aonrik8esser —I shut your mouth, I will shut your mouth. But in negative propositions one says, stanteskrik8h,indi, or stateskrik8e,inidi, or stanteskik8e,skrikse,indi, or stanteskik8eindehe —you will not shut my mouth. The aorist is often expressed in the place of the imperfect, and the present in the place of the imperfect. Jes8sa8en,eharask8a—Jesus walked upon the waters. Thaasenkandiskeaen—as it would happen if one went upon the ice.

 

The aorist is never joined to a negative, as, one does not say, tea,aketat—I have not carried; but te8a,aketak

.

NOTE lo.—In composition certain words beginning with ,a,a, change the first a into on thus one says, onnhon,annondi—to plot against the life of any one, from onnhe— life, and a,anondi—to labour.

 

2o. In verbs of motion derived from the negative futures, the present and aorist end in e but the future and the personal and imperative moods in a, as, ,atrendaende, atrenkaende, and heatrendaenda, satrendaenda, achiatrendenda—I go, you will go, you go to pray to God, it is or it was necessary that you should go to pray to God. When any verb immediately after a has h it is the sign of the second conjugation, not of the first, as, ta,8ahetsatonhons —pray for us, h which is immediately after a beginning a word indicates that it is of the second conjugation.

 

3o. The particle since, whether it is expressed in French sentences, or understood, is expressed by the Hurons particles of localitiy, et or est, and by the particle of reduplication. T. as, tetihtondechondi—since the earth was made. Tek8a,atonhonti—since I was resuscitated; achinkatonθa, deventatetetia8entato 'ehirnen—to-day is the third day after Sunday. Teudi akento8ati t'annont, achnik atonθa onsahatonnhont—he passed two days lying thus, and on the third he revived. One may also say, achnik aθenta8ate θonaio onsha tonhont—it is nine months since that.— Entron onta a'ataton.

 

4o.—Most substantives relative are rendered by corresponding words of the infinite mood, v.g. Love—atatennonh8endi; honor—atatechiendaen; baptism—atatendek8aieste; confirmation — atatendi,onnandite; confession—onsa8atatronsandi; extreme unction — k8atatiatoreenhon; order—ataten di,enra'chondi, (as if, d'onna'ontri honten

,ahaehent d'ahachato,eti,) marriage    atatendiatanki; communion—aiataixaristiannonx8i.

 

An indeterminate person with a relation is expressed always by a corresponding one, as, stontatierha da, orih8anderashon—that which was done to sinners.

 

The word 8ten joined to a substantive signifies the manner, quality or material of a thing, as tahtichiat8ten—how art thou made? Teonnianniti chiat8ten, or, chiasenk8ten— I do not approve of your manner of acting or speaking. Taotenti a,arih8ten desarih8a8an—How is your book made. O8hista a,aset8ten—a bottle made of metal.

 

5o.—The Hurons express their conception with the words to wish, to pray, as, I beseech you to pray to God for me, 8enθida θndê di,erheathon, atren da enhas — God has made me to honor him. Ondeh8eridedie staha,iatichien, or, dehaiatichiai, aha,echien daen.

 

60.—A noun is of the masculine gender, when it begins with h, t, θ, &c. as, tichion—a star, θenlenha aθia—the morning star; but when it begins with a. e. i. o. or g. it is of the feminine gender, as, i,ar—the sun; endiskara— turning on the leg, (pirouette,) onnhetien—a wife; 'andicha —a star.

 

Those which are expressed by words or rather by persons indeterminate, are made determinate only by joining particles to them, as, I have seen a horse, I have seen horses, a,ee,en ao chiatens ,a,een ondo toronton d'aochiatens.

 

7o.—Where a determinate person is joined to determinate words it is to be considered as the marks of their dual or plural number, as, she has met Peter—aθintrahan; she has met Peter and John—aθontraha. But when the person which is as the case of the word it is undeterminate, it is to be understood only as the mark of the person of whose nominative it holds the place, as, a,ond,ia istask8a—is it with a married person that thou hast sinned, or that thou hast lain? onriak8atraha non8e—she has met some one.

 

This rule is only for absolute and not relative words.

 

Remark in that sentence the use of the particle a prefixed to words to signify a quality, taota,a at8tend'oki— of what nature is a spirit? Stanθote,aa8tenti k8aatsten— they are not like us.

 

After the negative, le, after t, and other particles of this mood the initial a is to be taken away. When the French locution and similar ones, they say no more, (ils ne disent plus,) mean a repetition of actions, they are expressed by the mark of reduplication with a negative, stante shontonk. Frequently in words ending in ti sti,j final is omitted, as, for d8andianndosti, they say k8andianndast—that which surrounds the finger, a ring, from an,diea—a finger, and ,annhasti, or, kannhasti—to encircle.

 

8o.—The first and third conjugations have many things similar, as have also the second and fourth. Observe that verbs of the third conjugation beginning with enn or end, differ from the manner of inflexion of e,hiaras in which the third plural of the paradigma chi and the third singular of the paradigma s, take hon in the place of the initial of the infinitive mood:—as hondi,onra'enk—they resolve, from endi, ,onraên—to resolve, and hondi,onr'aen—he has resolved, not hennondï,onraen, nor, ha8endi,onraen.— Verbs ending in enn or end of this mood have sometimes hiendi,onr'aenk, in the third person dual of the paradigma ch for hnendi,onrâenk. Thus honnenθa—they hurry, from ennonti—to hurry.

 

Of the second conjugation in the paradigma chi, the vowel a of the infinitive is changed into e in the first and second singular; but in all the persons of the dual, and in the third persons of the plural it is changed into i; it remains indeed in the third person singular and in the first and second plural, this is shewn in the paradigma gaθeti.

 

Of the fourth Conjugation.

In the paradigma chi the vowel e of the infinitive is changed into i in the first and second persons singular, in all the persons of the dual, and in the third persons of the plural; but it remains in the third singular and in the first and second plural; but in the paradigma s, e remains in the second person singular, in the second and third person plural. It is changed into i in the first and second persons dual, and in the third person dual and plural.

 

NOTE.—That certain verbs of this conjugation in the third person singular of the paragdima s, have ha8en in place of the infinite initial, but not ho, as, ha8enheon—

he is dead, chiha8entak8i—he has done it on purpose. In the dual of verbs of this conjugation the affirmative te is often prefixed, as te anditron—he and I are here. Tetitron,

testriton, ten'ditron, tenditron. Teandiheons—I and he are sick, tetiheons, testiheons, ten'dihe'ons, tendiheons.

 

Of the fifth Conjugation.

Verbs of this conjugation not beginning with on, have in the first person dual of the paradigma ch, an and not ann; in the third person plural of the paradigma ch, hend not enn and in third person plural of the paradigma s, hond not onn, as, andor'iθa—we two season ourselves, hendor'iθa, hondor'iθa.

 

Of Verbs of the Paradigma s.

There follow some verbs of the simple conjugations.— But it is enough to know how the perfect of each conjugation of the pradigma chi, is conjugated, that one may know how a verb of the paradigma s corresponding to such conjugation is inflected. See the examples in the simple conjugations.

 

Verbs of the paradigma s, in the aorists have the augment of the second peison singular in e, as in the paradigma chi in the dual and plural.

 

Of irregular Verbs.

In the first conjugation, the verb a is irregular, because a of its first conjugation is retained in inflecting it, as if it had been of the third conjugation, as, present indicative, θo,ti,a—I am as large, as, θoi,chia, θo,r'ia, θoi8a. Dual chiatianda—I and he are of the same age, or of the same quality and greatness, &c. chiatesta—I and you, &c. Chiatesta, chiatenda, chiatenda. Plural, ea,θas,ek8as, esk8as, ehendas, e8endas, they feminine are equal. Imperfect, s,ak. The perfect and pluperfect are wanting. They are supplied by means of the imperfect. The first aorist, θoann'a,aha—I am going to be as large as that very soon, achiaha, ar'aha, a8aha. Second aorist, a,aska, achiaska, ar'aska, a8aska. Future, e,aha, echiaha, er'aha, e8aha.— Negative, stante, 8aento'che, sento'che, ha8ento'che, asentoche, from the verb entondi—to increase, I shall not grow any more. Present of the personal mood, à,aha. Perfect, θoask8a—I shall be as great as that, achiask8a. Imperative is not used. Present optative, θosente,a—Why am I not as great as that ? θosentechia, &c. Dual, θosentateanda, θosentateta, or, chiasentate anda. Plural, θosentea8as, &c. Imperfect, θosente,ak, chiah, dual, θosentate, andak, or, chia sentate andah. In the second conjugation the irregular verbs, are:—

 

1st.—Verbs beginning with a double vowel, of which the second is not i; for they change their initial a into i for the first and second persons singular, in the other persons they follow ,aθeti, ,aon, for example, to arrive, has, ,ionk, chionk, haonk, taonk—I am arriving, &c

.

2nd.—Verbs beginning with and, or ann both short, as andaθaron, ,annonten, which have in the first person singular, ndatane, innontenk, without the personal mark g, and in the second person singular statane, istontenk, in the other persons they follow aθeti, except in the first personal singular of the perfect and pluperfect where they have andaθaron, annonten.

 

3d—.Those beginning in ar, which for the first person singular change the initial ,a of the infinitive into gr, and for the second person only into chr, or ch, as, ,arasen—to pick; ra8as)—I pick; chra8as or cha8as—thou pickest; hara8as—he picks, in the perfect and pluperfect tenses they have a'r in the first person singular, as, a,ra8en, a,ra8annen, in which the diminutive g is not sensible.

 

4th.—Verbs of the paradigma s, beginning either with the double vowel a, as, ,aatando,aron—to sustain a loss; or, a,tand, as, ,ande'ra8aro—to admire, or a,ann, as, annonh8andi—to be sick, or, a,ar, as 'arandi—something to happen to any one, differ from ,aθeti’, or in the first person singular where they have a,iatando,ares, andera8ach, annonh8ach, aras, in the other persons are declined as other verbs of the paradigma s.

 

5th.—Katandi—to stand up, in the dual is inflected as if it were of the first conjugation; in the plural and impersonal it is inflected as verbs of the third conjugation by retaining the letter a of the figure of its conjugation, as, te,et—I stand; techiet—thou standest; tehat, te'at. Dual, tea,iat, tetiat, tetsat, tehiat, te,iat. Plural, tea8at, tek8at, tesk8at, tehendat, te8endat. Imperfect, te,etak or etask8a— I was standing, chietask8a. Perfect, te8a,etandi, tesatandi, tehotandi, teotandi. Teoniatandi, tetsatandi, tehontatandi. Aorist, akebaha. Future, te,taha. Negative, te,tache. Imperative, tisetaha—stand thou. Titsataha—stand ye. Titeataha—we both. Tikeataha—we several. Optative, tate,etasen, or xasentate,et, tatechietasen, or xasentatechiet.

 

NOTE.—Also these two verbs, ,ario — to kill, to strike, relative, and,aro—to chop, to fell wood, present, rioch—I kill her, chrioch, haioch, for harioch. Dual, a,ioch, tioch, tsioch, hiriock, plural, a,8aioch. K8aioch, sk8aioch, hatioch.

 

Present singular, raoch—I fell wood; chraoch, haroch, ,aroch. Dual, a,iroch, tsiroch, hiroch, ,iroch. Plural, a,8aroch, k8aroch, sk8,iroch, hatiroch, atiroch.

 

In the third conjugation, ennon—to go or come, see that verb through its tenses inflected in the third conjugation of simple verbs.

 

In the fourth conjugation ,in—to say, present i,i—I say, ichi, ihen, i,en it is not in use, but we use the verb, i,atonk, of the first conjugation. I say, ichiatonk, ihatonk, i8atonk, &c. as, ,aketas. The imperfect is not in use, but it is had thus, i,atonhonk—I did say, ichiatonhonk, &c. Perfect, i8a,en—I have said, isen, iha8en, ia8en. Dual, ionnen, isten, ihonnen, ionnen. Plural, ion8en, isk8en, ihonnen, ionnen. Aorist, a'ihon— I have been saying; achihon, ahenhaon, a,enhaon. Dual, aandihon, etihon, estihon, a'ndihon, andihon. Plural, aa8enhaon, ek8enhaon, esk8enahon, ahendihon, a8endihon, aa,enhaon—we say.— Future, e,ihon, echihon, ehenhaon, etenhaon. Dual, eandihon, etihon, estihon, en'dihon, endihon. Plural, easenhaon, ek8enhaon, esk8enhaon, ehendihon, e8endihon. Imperative, tsihon—say thou, stihon—say ye.

 

The present of the personal mood, a,ihon—I would say, âchihon, 'ahenhaon, âenhaon. Dual, aiandihon, aetihon, aestihon, ân'dihon, ândihon. Plural, aia,8enhaon, aek8enhaon, aeskeenhaon, ahendihon, a8endihon. Perfect, aon,enk —I should have said, aesenk, aha8enk, aia8enk. Dual, aionnenk, aestenk, ahonnenk, aionnenk. Plural, aion8enk, aesk8enk, &c. Pluperfect, aon,ennen—I might have said. The optative wants the present in the place of which we say, te,atonkâsen—that I may say; techiatonkâsen. Perfect, te8aensen,—that I may not say; tesensen—what hast thou not said? Teha8ensen, &c. Pluperfect, teas,ennensen, tesennensen, teha8annensen—I wish to God that I had said it ?

 

In the fifth conjugation, on—to be together, is said of many. When on is alone we make use of the verb a,onhsa of the paradigma s—I am alone, or it is I alone. Sonh8a, haonh8a, aonh8a. Dual, onnonh8a—we two only; stonh8a, honnonh8a, annonh8a. Plural, on,ionhna, tonnh8a, honnh8a, anronh8a—we three alone, or it is only we three. When the speech is of two, it is thus said, teandi—we are two.— Teti, testi, te,ndi, tendi, from the singluar i, signifying me in Iroquois. But it is said, a,i8e,i—I and he are together. Ti8e,i, tsi8ei, hi8ei, ,i8ei. Imperfect, teandinnen, tetinnen. Future, teandik, tetik, testik, tendik, &c. The personal mood, t,iandik—we should be together, he and I. Taetik, taestik, tan'dik, tandik. When there are more than two it is said thus, achinkia,ion—we are three, ia,onn—we are with Peter. It is thus inflected, attereia,ion—we are eight; attereition—we and you are eight; attereitson, altereihennon, atterei8ennon, &c. Imperfect, attereia,ionnen. Future, attereea,ionk.

 

Of verbs wanting the crement.

Some verbs wanting the temporal crement, as well as initial as final, distinguish their tenses by setting after them, i,en,i,ienn'en, ,ehen, or, i8atonk—they are of this sort; a8an, a8endio, &c. which are inflected in the following manner, present affirmative, endi,esendioi,en—I am the master; isachie8endi,en' Present negative, endi,e8endiot'e,en —I am not master. Isachie8endiot'e,en, &c.

 

Observe. I,en is often omitted in the affirmative, in the negative never. Imperfect, ,esendio,ehen, chie8endio,ehen. And the perfect and pluperfect, ,esendio i,enn'en, or, ehen. The perfect and pluperfect negative, stannendi ,e8endio te cenn'en. Standesa chie8endio te,ennen. Aonst ,onneichien, e8endio i,en. Endio or endi,e8endio onn'asaton—here I am become master. Future affirmative, endi,e8endio e8aton, isa chies8ndio e8aton, or, e,enk—I shall become master. Future negative, stannendi,e8endio t'e8ato'nde, standesa chie8sendio t'e8ato,nde. Stannendi ha8endio t'e8aton'de.— Imperative, sasken chie8endio a8aton, become master. The personal mood affirmative, endi,e8endio a fink—I would be master of it. Perfect and pluperfect, endi,e8endio, a,ennen, or, endi,e8endio aiotonn'en—I would have been master of it. Imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, negative, stannendi ,e8endio t'e8atontend—I should not be, or, I would not have been master of it. Optative present, endisen,e8endio te,en; iasen ,esendio te,en—I wish I were master. Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect, endisen ,e8endio te,ennen, or endisen ,e8endio te otonn'en—oh that I was not master. Optative negative, t,asen nendi ,e8endio θe,en—I wish I were not master. Subjunctive, present, and imperfect, endi,e8endio t'e,en—if I may or might be master. Perfect and pluperfect, endinde ,e8endio t'e,ennen—if I had been master. Future preterite mixed, de endi,e8endio e,enk, or, eotonk—whilst I shall have been master.

 

Of impersonal Verbs.

From verbs of the paradigma s are formed impersonal verbs from the third person singular feminine by prefixing ag to it; as, a,onrask8an—they are gone; a,eteiensti—they have learned; a,oθar'ato—they have done well; a,okerons —it is feared; a,oatannon8andi—a fine rencountrer has been made; a,a8eia chens—they are angry; a,a8enheon—they are dead; a,aorite—the pot has been seasoned.

 

From verbs of the paradigma ch of the first and third conjugation beginning with end or enn, are formed impersonals from the third person plural feminine by taking away g, as, onteinsta—they learn; orask8ach—they go; onda'rata—they do well; ondien'raenton—they think; anionches—they go and trade.

 

From verbs of the paradigma ch of the second conjugation are formed impersonals from the first person singular formed regularly in which a of the infinitive is changed into e by taking away g, as, eθeθa—it is pounded; ehiatonk—they write; endatare—they visit; enteri—we know; enh8anderach —they fish. Many verbs of the fourth conjugation resemble verbs of the second, by retaining the figure e of the infinitive, as, ietron—some one is there; defintron, eθiach they carry, the canoe is passed by land where there is a fall of water; de,enθiaci, eθo8as—they change their abode; de,ento8anetara—they are at rest; he,entara, eten'θa — it causes the hair to fall; de,enten,ti, esharonniak—they are making cloth; de,ensharondi, e'retsonniak—they make snares; de,en'retsondi, ennonniak—they are making cloths of skins; de,'ennondi.

 

In verbs of the paradigma ch of the third, fourth and likewise the fifth are formed impersonals from the first person singular by prefixing, a, as, a,hiaras—we remember ourselves, (on se souvient), acheon—they are sick; a,onta they season, the pot. In the fourth, g is not pronounced.

 

All impersonal verbs have the same tenses altogether which are found in the personal ones from which they are derived.—Thus, from arask8an—to go, is made onrask8ach. And those which are single follow the personal verbs from which they are formed, as well as to the final as the paradigma, to wit; if they are in the present, they follow the paradigma and termination of the present; and those which are of the preterite tense, follow the preterite of the personal verb.

 

Of the formation of Relative Verbs.

Of relatives, some are relative by themselves, others become relative by the addition of some syllables or letters, and they are thus formed. From absolute verbs, they may be made relative, by the addition of particles of quality.— Ti, sti, k8i; as from ete8an—to flee; ati8ati—to make some one flee; atehendi—to be ashamed; atehati — to shame any one; ,aatachendi—to be ugly; ,aatachati—to make some one ugly.

 

Those ending in particles of this sort may be made relative by changing i final into andi for the preterite, and into en for the future affirmative, as, from the verb, ,aθeti, ,aθetandi, future, e, θeten, arih8eo'sti—to believe; arihsiostandi—to believe something of somebody, whether in good or in bad part; ,arak8i—to put in a plate; as, ,arak8andi—to put in a plate something for some one to eat.

 

Verbs in a, in order to become relative, add for the preterite ndi, and has for the future affirmative, as ara—to put on top; ,ar'andi, e,er'ahas. ,Annontra—to join ends; ,annhontrandi, e,ennhontrahas. Verbs in aan add di for the infinitive, and for the future affirmative they change n into s, as, 'ar'a8an—take from the top; ar'a8andi, e,er'a8as. Verbs in ai, h8i, and gi, become relative by adding for the infinitive ndi, and for the future affirmative by changing the last syllable into sen, as, ater'aka8i—to mark; ater'ak8indi. E,ater'akasen. Ontrah8i—to put within; ontrah8indi, e,ontrasen. Except endeoh8indi—to infect; future, e,endeohas, ,arih8andera,i,—to fish; arih8andera,indi. Erih8anderasen.

 

Add to these verbs in ti, because ti is changed for the present into s, as, ,anda8ati—to dig whence, ,anda8atindi, enda8asen. Thus, ,aenti—to finish; ,aeritindi, e,iensen.— K8atonli—to be many in doing the same thing; k8atontindi. Aθonatonsen—many put themselves together to annoy him, or to help him; in like manner, enri—to leave, and its compounds, ,asenri—to leave his plate; asenrindi ,e,esensen.

 

Verbs absolute in k8i add ndi for the infinitive, and for the future affirmative, change i final into as; as, ,astaenx8i —to make; present, astaenx8nidi; future, e,estaenxaas.

 

Verbs in on become relative by adding di for the infinitive, and for the future affirmative ons; ahiaton—to write; ,ahiatondi; future, e,ehiatonhons; except atendoton, which in the future has e,atendoton; it may have in the infinitive atendotondi. Ondi and ori, with their compounds, when they become relative, change that ondi for the infinitive into onni anni, and ori into oranni, and for the future affirmative into eonnien and eoien. Add to these ,aeren— to make; relative, ,aerandi; future, e,ieren. Atonnhien —to deny; atonnhiandi; future, e,atonnhien, atro,en—to make love; atro,andi, e,atro,as. Ataien—to smoke; ,ataianni, e,ataias. ,Andaten—to sow; ,anda,andi, future, enda,as. But, ,aron,en—to listen, has ar'on,asennik, future e,aron,as.

 

Verbs in ent, add for the infinitive andi, and for the future has, in place of the last letter t, as, ,ahaehent—to hold a council; ,ahachentandi, e,ehhachenhas. Atrendaent to pray God; atrendaentandi, future e,atrendaenhas. Atient —to sit down; atientandi, future, e,atienhas. Add to these ,aen—to put, and its compounds ,aentandi, future e,ienhas, ,arihientandi—to relate it to some one; future e,rihienhas, endi,onr'aen—to deliberate; endi,onr'aentandi, future, e,ndi'onraenhas.

 

Other verbs in s become relative by adding for the infinitive andi, and for the future has, as, ateiachist—to be in trouble, ateiachi8tandi, future etateiachi8thas, or rather e,ateia,hisθas. Andandet—to reply, to redouble; ,an'dande'tandi, future e,endandeθas. Atsat—to show; atsatandi, e,atsaθas. Aa'kont—to hang to something; ,aa'kontandi, e,ia'konθas.

 

The remaining verbs, from being absolute and primitive, become relative by adding enni to the termination of the present, and rejecting that enni for the future, as, atrios— she is fighting; atrosenni, future, e'atrios—I will fight her; ,aa,ens—she goes out; ,aa,ensenni, future e,ia,ens. — O,ker,ons—she draws for herself; o,ker'onsenni, eo'ker'ons. In the same manner these become relative, ,atsiheňiek — she burns; ,atsiheňiesennik, future, e,etsihenieňs, negative senihe. Oharek—she washes; ,a,a8ek—she rows.

 

Some verbs, that they may become relative, not only add enni to the present, but also change its final syllable in en or on into a, as atehens — she is ashamed; atehasenni, future, e,atehas. A8eiachens—she is in a passion, of the third conjugation, a8eiachiasenni. Enheons—she is sick; enheasenni, ,annh'at8skaron—she lops the branches from the trees; ,annhat8s, karasenni, by contraction for, ,annhat8skarasenni. Thus, onharons—she weeds; onr'asenni. ,Aencchon—to flay; ,aenchasenni. Remark that all the aforementioned verbs agree with each other, as to the infinitive, present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, the negative, personal mood and the future negative, and are thus inflected, present ndik, or nnik, imperfect nditnk or nnihik, the perfect ndi or nni, pluperfect, nd'innen or nnin'nen, future negative, ndihe or nnihe, future of continuation ndihi or nnhi, future negative removed, ndihi,ehenk or nnihi,ehenk. The negative personal mood, ndihenn or nnihen, also the improper aorist, as, askaňaratandiska—thou hast thought me obliged.

 

We use relative verbs doubly under a different sense, as, haeθeθa—he pounds or he tramples upon me, and haoθetandik—he pounds something for me. Thus, ha'ienchons— he flays me; ha,ienchasennïk—he flays for me; ha,oka8si— he has daubed me; ha,ekasandi—he has daubed something for me.

 

The aforesaid rules for the formation of relative verbs not only answer for derivative and simple verbs, but also for passive, reciprocal and deponent ones, as, a'taseti—to be hid; 'atasetandi—to be hid from some one; ha'a'taséiandik—he hides himself from me; and ata'tase'tandi—to hide from one another. Atiata'tondi—to wander, to escape; atiata'tontandi—to escape from some one; h,atiata'tontandi—he has escaped from me.

 

Nearly by the same rules are formed some neuter acquisitive verbs from other neuter absolute verbs, as from orahens—that boils; orahasennik—the pot boils for me; ori—that is cooked; onsenni—that is cooked for her; ,a,aonk—that is old; ,a,aonsennik—that becomes old to her.

In like manner some neuter passives are formed, as, from otendor'ona8i—that is difficult; otendor'on x8andik—that is impossible for him. Thus otrih8ochate—the affair is spoiled; otrih8a'chatandi—the affair is spoiled for her; ota'hahasejndi—the road is stopped up for her.

 

When several persons meet, relatives affixed to the same verb, as, beseech him for me, they repeat, or they say the relative verb twice, as, speak to him and beseech him for me, hesatatia. Ta,ehetsaronhons, aha,iten—speak to each other or go and exhort N. tell him to have pity on my brother, in speaking of me or in naming me.

 

Of Frequentative, Multiplicative, and Augmentative Verbs.

Augmentatives are made from the present, by only adding s to skon8an or konnou, it ends in s or ch, as, hotatiaskon—a great speaker, from atatiak—he speaks; a8enskon —he does nothing but say that, from then—he says; horih8anderaskon, from horih8och—great fisher.

 

NOTE.—These augmentative are always of the paradigma s, hotendotonskon—great relater; imperfect and pluperfect, onnenhotio,askon—great lewdness, from atro,en—to make love; present oxa, x being changed into g.

 

The multiplicative are those which are about a manifold object; they are formed from the future negative, by changing e into on, and follow the paradigma of a primitive verb, as, a8entenhaon harih8anderaxonk. from teharih8anderaxe, it has on in the preterite, in the aorist, future and imperfect, ononk, and in the pluperfect onk, in the future negative onde, there is added to these nion, anssi, as, harih8anderaxonneonk, they form their tenses as the preceding. From these rules, except atesk8et—to grow old; future tande, multiplicative tan'nion for tannon.

 

Other multiplicatives are deduced from verbs ending in i and multiply the object; and are formed from the present infinitive by adding aion, they follow also the paradigma of its verb. Thus from atit—to embark, is made atitaion— to embark several, and from ak8arit—to embark something; ak8antaion—to embark several inanimate things; and from ,aatit—to embark an animated thing; aatitaion—to embark several living things. In joke, I would say aatitaionnion.

 

Hence also are multiplied its compound words from at, but adding only on, as onnont8t—there is a mountain; onnont8ton—there are several mountains; onnant8tonnion —there are mountains innumerable, may be superadded, and these derived from the substantive at, have on in the present. Its compounds a,oen—to have, or have any thing (to have is of paradigma ch, as, i’aen—there is some) they have ton for the multiplicative; to have is of the paradgima s, as, isaen—thou hast. On'de'chonton for ondec'haenton, as ondechon for ondechaon.

 

From ,ontare—there is a lake, is formed ,ontaronk8annion there are several lakes. I8ache—there is water; aehonk8annion—there is a quantity of water. Thus also from atendotonk—she says, is formed atendotonk8annionk, by k in the present. From ,ar,or,ara is formed ondar—there is a space, and from this is formed the multiplicative onda'ronnon—several points of space, in space of time or place. From onnianni—good, is made onnionnihaton—all sorts of goodness. There are other multiplicatives formed from the final of the infinitive by adding haton to the final, as, hatindia,ihaton—those that are married in divers places.

 

There are also others which signify as it were collection, as, the Normans, the Gascons, and all the other French; a8eti de stan aθatia sontie d,háti'nnioňenak, for the féminines, ah8atiasontie. From annonten is made annonten haron— to give several things; when it is relative, it is of either paradigma. There is also another multiplicative or frequentative answering to the French numeral locution, pries et reprieràs-tu ?—hate and hate to the end, grudge and thou shalt be grudged. Asennhaten. Asennhaten—for one; for more; atsinnhaten ichien, atsinnhaten. Asatrendaen ichien asatrendaen, &c. In the passive it is very irregular which happens in some verbs of the second conjugation, as, asai—to be killed (of many) from ,achia,i—to kill, to consume. And asarinn'on—to be dragged; from ,acharo —collar; and from thence to drag, as if it were, to drag him by the collar.

 

Of the Reduplicate and Local Particles, which are joined to Verbs.

The reiteration of action which the French express by inseparable particles, reconduire, resusciter, redire; we express also by inseparable particles or letters, like those which the Latins express by the particles of place, hic, illic, istic, and the French by the particles depuis que, which we express by inseparable particles or letters prefixed to verbs or nouns, as to the place or time of which we speak.

 

The repetition of action, for its mark in the paradigma chi, or in the tenses of the paradigma ch, except the aorists, the imperative, the personal, and infinitive mood, has s in singular and in the third person dual and plural, and tsin in the dual and plural. But note lo.—That when that s is placed in other tenses, in the future it is inserted after the augment e. 2o.—That g following will be changed into k, whence it is said skarask8as, not s,arasch8as. 3o.—That when the third person singular feminine beginning with a vowel, admit no component particles but insert a, it is not said s8 or t8, but k is inserted after s, as ask8as—she departs for the second time, not s8arask8as nor sarask8as. 4o.— That one or a double consonant following after ts, by adding i, it is said tsi, as, tsitiarask8a, tsikaarask8a, tsitsatask8a, tsisk8arask8a. 5o.—That if i pure and short follow after s, unless the aspirate n be in the middle, it perishes entirely, but i before h requires t, as, tshadask8a, not shiarask8a. 60.—That when the letters nd joined together have t before them, they perish, but if they have s by itself, s is changed into ts, and they perish, say ndehiar'as stehiaras, of the repetition of the perfect pluperfect, and of verbs of the paradigma s, excepting always the aorist, s is for the first person singular and all the third persons masculine, and for others ts, and preserving the rules already delivered, as, that s following 8 takes k, because as the first person of the perfect in composition takes 8 before se you say sk8atarask8an, not s8aarask8an,; hence also is said tsisarask8an. The mark of repetition for the imperative is 8a, as, sasarask8a. The mark of repetition for the personal mood is aons, as, aon8acarask8a, for the aorist it is ons.— Where observe that the final letters s or t of these particles as also of the following for locality, they are pronounced joined with the following syllables, as, aon sa,arask8a, not aons a,arask8a. The mark of repetition for all impersonal verbs, as, isas, astsonrask8rk—they go for the second time.

 

The mark of locality for the indicative, subjunctive and optative of the paradigma ch, except the aorist, (et) for the singular and the third persons dual and plural and for others, (eti) by preserving those which we have spoken of above of the particles s, unless t before, g does not require k, but perishes altogether. Hence it is said, ekarask8as, not etkarask8as. Moreover (et) or (eti) is always set before, even in the future. The mark of locality for the preterite and verbs of the paradigma s ,except the aorist is, et, for the first person singular, and for all the third persons masculine, but for the others eti. But in the first person it is said, ek8a,arask8án—I am gone from there, for etatarask8an, or rather ek8a,arask8an.

 

The mark of locality for the imperative is, a, as, asaras k8a—go from thence to come here. The mark of locality for the aorist is ont, for the personal mood it is aont, for impersonals it is ete. When reduplication and locality meet at once s is always and every where the mark of reduplication and prefixed to the mark of locality, et, eti, ont, aont, except one imperative, where it is only sa. See the examples among the conjugations.

 

Of the different tenses of a relative verb signifying reduplication and locality.

 

NOTE lo.—In the present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future negative and the personal negative mood, nothing is changed in affixing the initials, but the finals only are changed for the diversity of tenses, thus, you say, ,oňendiθa—I beseech you; ,oňendiθak, ,oňendiθi, ,oňnendite'nnen, stante, ,oňenditan'de, te,oňenditandenn, where the initial on is never changed but only the final as the diversity of tenses requires.

 

NOTE 2o.—When the relation is to the feminine of the singular number, then the persons of the relative verb do not differ from the persons of the simple verb, and they admit before them the same particles to signify the aorist, future, the personal mood, the repetition, locality and diversion, as if they were persons of the simple verb.— Wherefore say, a,akak8ach—she beholds me; om,akak8a— she has just paid me a visit; aon,akak8a—she ought to have paid me a visit; e8a,akak8a—she will see me, like the rule of a simple verb of the paradigma s.

 

NOTE 3o.—In the other persons of the relative verb put for the future e, for the aorist and personal mood the initial a, as, ahakok8a—lo! I see him; asa,iaka asa,iakak8a— we both see him; asa,8kok8a—many of us see him; ehakak8a—I will see him, and axeakak8a — lo! I see them; ahechiakak8a – lo! thou seest him. In all persons relating to others indeterminately which commence with a vowel, prefix ai to signify the personal mood, as, aiaxiaka'k8a— we should see them; aionxiaka'k8a—we should be seen by them; aiesθakak8a—we should see you; aietsiakak8a—we would see you; aiori,aka'k8a—they would see me; aionka'k8a—they would see her; aia,okak8a—she would see the world, indeterminately. Thus with reduplication, ,aonsaiaxiakak8a—we should see him a second time; aonsaionxiakak8a, aonsaiesakak8a, aonsaietsiakak8a, &c. Thus particles of locality, taontaionxiakak8acha—that we return to see. Taontaiesakak8acha, taontaietsiaka'k8ac’ha.

 

But in the aorist, onsa only for the reduplication and onta or tonta for locality is placed before all the relative persons excepting those which denote the singular number feminine. These do not follow the rules of the simple verb. In the imperative say for the reduplication, onsata,akak8a—look at me once more; onsata,akaku, onsata,8akak8a. For the locality say, ata,akak8a—look at me from there; ata,iakak8a, ata,8akak8a. For locality and reduplication at once, say tontaha,aka'k8acha—come from thence to see me here. Tontata,iakak8acha, tontata,8ka'k8acha; without the aorist, the personal mood affirmative and the imperative reduplication is expressed by the letter s; thus as, when it is prefixed to the letter g, it is changed into k, as, skoňakaksach—I behold you another time; skiaka'k8ach sk8akak8ach, from the persons 'oňakak8ach, ,iakak8ach, ,8akak8ach. In relation of the second person to the first, as, skakak8ach, skiakak8ach, sk8akak8ach; in like manner in anomalies of the second conjugation, beginning with a,and or ,ann, t is changed into θ, and k into x, thus for istonkek— thou givest to me, say isθontenk—thou restorest to me; eskechiendaen—thou honorest me; sxechiendaen—thou honorest me again, or you render me honor. When it is put before the letter h it is changed into s pure, pronounced with the aspirate after s, as sa'ka'k8ach—I regard you a second time; although it can also be written shaka'k8ach. But when s is said to be put on the person beginning by s, the new letter s is not added, as, saciakak8ach—we two, we saw him a second time; eskennhek—thou shalt swear to me; eskinnhek—thou we both; eskeannhek—thou we several. The other persons beginning with a vowel prefixed to ts, as, tsesak,k8ach— we did see you again. Tsetsiaka'k8ach, tsaxiakak8ach, tsonxiakak8ach, tson,akak8ach.

 

Locality without the aorist, &c. is expressed by the particle et, in this manner, when g is prefixed, that g is changed into k, and the t is struck out. Ekonaka'k8acha for etkoňak8acho—I shall come and see you from there. Ekiakak8acha, ek8akak8acha. When also it precedes the letter h, t agreeing with h can be changed into θ, as, eθa'aka'k8acha—he will come to see me from there. But when it ought to be placed before the person beginning with s, this supplies instead of t, as, eson,iakak8acha—he will come to see us two. Eson,8akakak8acha, and the other persons beginning with a vowel eti is prefixed to denote the locality, as, etiesakak8ach—they behold you from thence; etioxiakak8ach—they behold us from thence.

 

Of the particle te of duality.

What we call particles of duality, division, reciprocation, and totality, follow the particle of locality, e, by changing e into a, not in all the tenses but only in the aorist; onnakonnonron k8annion — behold I am going to honor or salute, akinnon rok8annion, &c. In the imperative say titannonronk8annion—salute me; tita,innon'ronk8annion—salute us; tihestonr'on k8annion—salute him. In the personal mood, tahannonron k8annion—let him salute me; tason,innonr'on k8annion—let him salute us two. In other tenses te is to be placed as tehannonr'on k8annionk—he salutes us two.

 

The paradigma of a relative verb with notes reduplication, and locality, the example of which may easily be inflected other relatives with a similar mark of locality. Let it be onta'annhe—to please any one. See the conjugations through moods and tenses.

 

Of verbs assuming te the mark of duality, of affirmation, or of totality.

In one aorist the same method is to be preserved as was observed a little ago in the use of particles of locality. In other tenses te is prefixed to each person, as, I cry, te,a'asenx8as, te,hiasenx8as; imperfect, tea'senx8ask8a; perfect, te8a,asenx8i; future, ge,asenx8a; negative, tate,asenx8ache; aorist, aka'senx8a, asasenx8a, athasenx8a, ak8asenx8a; dual, atiatia'senx8a, atitiasenx8a, atitoasenx8a, ahiansenx8a, akiasenxa: plural, atia,8a,senxsa, atik8asenx8a, atisk8asenx8a, atho,nsenx8a, ako'nsenx8a; imperative, tesasenx8a—cry; titsa'senx8a; personal mood, ta,âsenx8a, t'achiasenx8a; dual, taia,iasenx8a; optative, tate,a'senx8achasen; in the future, k8asenx8i—to cry. Thus kaia'ri— to play, k8atrandi, &c. When the particle te meets with reduplication it is inflected, teskasenx8ach—I cry; tesa'senx8och, te sha'senx8ach, by prefixing te to the verb conjugated with the mark of reduplication. Aorist, tonsa a'senx8a—I am going to cry; the personal mood, ta'onsaca'senx8a. When the particle te meets with the particle with locality it is thus said, te θa'senx8acha—he will cry; aorist, tontaha'senx8ache—he is on the road coming here to cry. When the particle te, negative, precedes the particle te, dual, nay another which is also te, whether dual or affirmative, either of locality or distance of time, it is changed into ta, as, stantatehasenx8ash—I do not cry; stantsa'tentatendi— he is with no one; 'aro te θa8eti—he is returned on this side; stan,aro ta te θase'ti—he did not return on this side; tehotonharen'ronk—he is sick; stantatehotonharen'ronk— he is not sick; a,endi,onr’ato,endi stihochiatorha—I know how much pain he feels; a,endi,onr'ato,endi. Statehotonharenr'onk—I know how sick he is. In this last example sti is changed into sta because it follows the affirmative te.

 

The infinite of verbs admitting te dual or affirmative begins in the first and third conjugation by, k8, as, k8atrandi—to meet some one; present trach, future traha, negative trache. K8enten—to go and come in a day, in the second and fourth conjugation by k, as, kaia'i—to play; kenteia,i—to pass a carriage. In the fifth by, ti, as, tionnhontaion8an—to torment. Te affirmative with verbs of the paradigma s, as, k8atonharenron—to be sick. It is thus compounded, present te8a,tonharenr'onk, tesatonharenr'onk, &c. Aorist, ak8a,atonharenr'on atisatonhar, aθotonk, atiotonk. Dual, ation,iatonh, atitsatonh, alhondatonh, ationdatonh. Plural, ation8atonhatisk8atonh, indeed it is inflected as the tenses of the paradigma s, signifying locality by placing in the beginning a, of its place.

 

The personal mood, taon,atonh, taesatonh, tahotonh, taiotonh. Dual, taion,atonh, taetsatonh, tahondatonh, taetsatonh, tahondatonh, taiondatonh. Plural, taion,8atonh, taesk8atonh.

 

Of the Verbs of motion.

Ennon—to come, simple verb, present Iee—I come or I arrive, here I am come, here I am arrived.

I come-

I, ,e,    

Ichie, 

Ihre,   

I8e,    

 

PLURAL.

Ia,se, 

Ik8e,  

Isk8e,

Ihende,

I8ende,

 

DUAL

Iande.

Ite

Iste

In’de

Inde

 

Ier—they come.

 

IMPERFECT

Ieenn—I did come.

 

I am come, I was come, it is taken for the imperfect; perfect and pluperfect, as to termination and signification.

I,enn, Ichien.

 

A Verb with reduplication.

Iske—I come again,

Ische.

Ise,

Ishre, 

Iskse.

 

DUAL.           

I and he,        

Itsande,         

Itsite,  

Itsiste,

Isthe, 

Iste,    

 

PLURAL.

Isa,8e.

Itsik8i.

Itsisk8e.

Itshende.

Ik8ende.

Ihen—they come again.

 

Which is in use for the imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect in the simple verb, it is also in verbs with reduplication, in verbs with locality, and in verbs with reduplication together with locality. There is an exception.

Isken, Isenn.

 

A Verb with locality.

Eke—I go from thence  

Ese, Ek8e,   

Etre, Ethende,       

Etiste,

Ethe, Ek8ende,

Ete, Etien—they go from thence.

 

DUAL.

Etiande,

Etite,

 

PLURAL.      

Etiac, &c.      

Etik8e,          

Etsk8e,

 

IMPERFECT, &c.

Ekeen.

Eseen,

 

A verb with reduplication together with locality

Teke—I return from thence.

Tese, Tete.

Tetre, 

Tek8e,          

DUAL.           

Tetiande,      

Tetite,

Tetiste,          

Tehe. 

 

 PLURAL.

Tetia,8e.

Tetik8e.

Tetisk8e.

Tehende.

Tek8ende.

 Tehenn.

 

IMPERFECT, 8C.

Tesenn, as the present.

'Aroek8a,êti—I am come from thence.— Hence:

Etise'ti—thou; eθa8e'ti—he.

Etia8'eti—she.

 

DUAL.

Eteond'eti—we are come hither we two.

Etiste'ti—you.

Eihondeti—they, masculine.

Etiondeti—they, feminine.

 

PLURAL.

Etion8eti—we several.

Etisk8eti—you.

Eθond'eti—they masculine.

Etiond'eti—they feminine.

Tek8a,eti—I am returned from thence.

Tetis'eti.

Tetha8'eti.

Tetia8'eti.

 

DUAL.

Tetiond'eti—we are returned from thence.

Tetisteti.

Tethond'eti—Tethiondeti.

 

PLURAL.

Tetion8eti.—Tethondeti.

Tetisk8eto—Tetiondeti.

 

,Aroek8a,etinnen—I was come from hence, can be said either way; xai,enn8xaek8atin'nen—I was, or I am come from thence, which is common to all other verbs of motion, as, atrenda'endenn or ek8a,atiendaennon'nen—I was or I am come to pray to God. E8a,ennon or e8a,eti—I am gone; esen’non or eseti—thou art gone.

 

Future, e,et—I will go hither, to express the termination to which, eent—they will go hither, or it is said, e,e, echie, ehre, e8e. Dual, eande, ete, este, em'de, ende. Plural, ea8e, ek8e, esk8e, ehende, e8ende, een. Remark, the following future is used with the particles to express the following, first and second persons. Teke—I will come or I will return from hence, tese. Dual, tetiande, tetite, tetiste. Plural, tetia8e, tetik8e, tetisk8e, tetien—they will return, to express the third persons it is said, earo—to be, he will come here; ekse—she; eθe—they two; ete—they two; ethende—many; ek8ende—many. To express the termination by which it is said a,etande or a,et—I shall go there; aentande—they will go.

 

Aorist, a,e, igo, aehie, ar'e, a8e. Dual, aande, ete, este, a'nde, ande. Plural, aa,se, ek8e, ahende, a8endeaen —they go; onne, iske—behold I come again; onni i,e— behold I come; onta,e—I come from thence. Impersonal, ontaen—they come from thence; tonta,e—I return from thence; (showing the place from whence one is gone), as, whence comest thou? Annenontachie ?—I come from Quebec; teatontari,eonta,e,aen x8a'ketonta,e—I return from the fields. But to express, I come or return from hunting, is used the single word te8a,ate'ate'nda8achennen—I come or I return from hunting, I was gone to hunt. Thus a,atrendaennonn'en—I come or return from praying to God; and yet a kindred signification of the verb is this, I was gone to pray to God; a,earohosonnen—I come or I return from fishing. The present of the verb ennon is sometimes used, as, onniske d,a,atien daen non'nen—I return from praying to God; onne iske d'a,a'ki8annen—I return from war. Future in the first and second persons, stantateke'se’—I will not come, or, I will not return. Stantateses'e, or,

Stantatek8a,ennon, or stantatetisennon — thou; stantatetiondese—I and he; stantateties'e, stantatetiestet'e, stantate tia,8es'e—we and he; stantate tik8ese', stantatetisk8ese', or

stantate tisk8ennon. To express the third person it is said stante'tre'se, stante'tha8ennon. Stante'thes'e, or, stantethondennon they several.

 

Imperative, se—go, depart; sarask8a—let him go; ste— go ye; Isarask8a. To express this sentence, come here, or this, go from there to come here, a is prefixed to the imperative, as, asarask8a—go from there to come here; ,arcaste, or acaste—come here; and thus of all verbs of motion, as, tson—enter; atson—enter here; tsion—enter ye there; atsion — enter here; tontasion — enter, tontas araska—come from there here, go from there where you were, go to return here.

 

NOTE.—The same verbs of motion as are used to signify to go, as to signify to come, of the same person, the marks of locality are prefixed; but when they express the word to go, no person is prefixed, as, harask8a—he goes; etharask8a—he comes from that place; horask8an—he is gone; ethorask8an—he is gone from there to come here; eharask8a —he has just gone; ontaharask8a—he has just gone to come here; aharask8a—let him go; aontaharask8a—let him come here; eharask8a—he will go; ethorask8a—he will come here.

 

Optative, endi sente,e—that I wont go; isasentechie, not sen'chri. But to signify that he does not come, it is said sentetre, as in the manner we have explained.

 

Mixed difficulties which occur in verbs of motion, occur then, when at the same time are indicated negation, re-dupliaction, and locality, which particles ought to be place, which follow will be explained by the following examples: harask8ach— he goes; stante harask8ach— he does not go; sarask8ach—he goes for the second time; stante sarasksach—he does not go for the second time; etharask8ach—he comes from that place; stant etharask8ach —he does not come here; te tharask8ach—he will return to this place ; stanta tetharask8ach — he does not return here; ontaharask8a—he has just gone to come here; tonta harask8a—he set off a second time to return here; stante thorask8an—he does not go; stantate thorask8an—he did not set out again to return here; tetharask8achasen—ah that he did not go from there! tasente tharask8ach—would to God that he did not depart; andoron d'arask8an—it is difficult to go; ,andoron onta8arask8an—it is difficult to depart from there; andoron d'onsa8arask8an—it is difficult to return there; ,andoron tonsa8arask8an—it is difficult to return here; stante,andoron d'arask8an and stante,andoron onsa8arask8an—it is not difficult to return here.

 

Of the relations which are of the paradigma s. We and thee in all conjugations are of the paradigma s, however formed from the second person singular of the paradigma s by prefixing e, as, satendoton, esatendotondik, saθeti, esaθetandik signifies we both, or we more, them, they, thou, from us both or more, thou from some.

 

We, you, or we both, more, that they both, more, or some of you, that to you from us, is of the paradigma s, however it is made a tsatendoton, by prefixing and inserting i between s and a; thus it is said etsiatendoton, etsiθetandik.

 

Universal rule for all relative conjugations together.

 

The relation of the third person singular, dual and plural, to the first and second persons singular, dual and plural, is expressed by a verb which ought to be accounted passive, though it is not; and inflected like the paradigma s, as he me, she me, that is I from him, I from her. Haa,atendotondik is made from the first person singular of the preterite tense, a,tendoton, by prefixing ha for the masculine, a simple for the feminine, son,iatendotondik, he to us both, or us both from him, is made from on,iatendoton, she to us both, that is, we both from her; from thence it is formed by adding nothing. Thus son,8aten'dotondik, and on,8atendotondik, hon,atendotondik—they me, that is I from them, is formed from a'atend, by taking away a and prefixing hon for the masculine, and on for the feminine, which is the personal and numerical mark; haon,iat—we both from them; hence it is made by inserting a between h and n, also, ,aon,ia, haon,8at and ,aon,8at; but on,atendotondik— I from another.

 

Of frequentative verbs, see page 165.

 

Of passive, reciprocal and deponent verbs.

 

Passives are formed from actives by prefixing at to the first person of the present indicative by taking away g in this manner.

 

Ataseti—to be hid from; ,aseti—to hide, of the first conjugation. Atchiaton — to be written, from ,ahiaton of the second conjugation. Atiarondi—to make one's self a bag, from ,arondi, of the second conjugation. Atrih8aiensti —to learn, from ,arih8aiensti—to teach, of the second conjugation. Otendoronk8i—the thing is made difficult; tandoronk8i—to esteem the thing of importance; k8atennontra—to follow between, from en'nontra—to follow, of the third conjugation. Atehien—to give in commission, from etnei, relative. Oteco8an—the water is taken away, from e,o8an—to remove water. Otoriti—that is seasoned, from onti—to season, of the third conjugation. Hotonnhont —he is put into the world, from onnhonti—to put into the world, of the fifth conjugation, hotokak8i—he is daubed, from okak8i—to besmear, of the fifth conjugation, from whence it is evident that all those passives are of the first conjugation from what ever relative they are derived, are excepted from this rule.

 

1o.—Verbs of the second conjugation beginning with a,a, as, saka'k8end8ten—put your eye there to see what takes place, for sate,aksend8ten, from a,ak8enda—the round of the eye; sakon'chioten—show your face, for sateonchoten, from a,onchia—face.

 

2o.—Those beginning with ah, as a'x8en'dori—to beat about an island, to spear and kill the game that is there, for ata8e'ndori, from tah8endori. Ak8ichoton — to have force; for ateh8ichoton, from ,ah8ichoton—to have force. Akoňande,en—the canoes are near each other; for atehoňande,en, from ,ahonande,en—to put canoes near each other.

 

3o.—Those beginning with as, as ah8endaen — to be obeyed; for atesendaen, from a8endaen, as hoňa8endaenk— they obey him. Aksendiosti—to take some one for master.

 

4o.—Verbs of the fourth conjugation which in place of at prefix end of the first person singular of the indicative, by taking away g, as ,endinnonniak—I am making myself a gown; from ,ennondi—to make a gown. Endisharichiai —to make one's self a garment; from ,ensharichiai—to make a garment.

 

NOTE.—Some verbs of the second conjugation commencing with tan by changing their second conjugation into the third, become passive, as e8enntienhichien—the wheat will be ripe, for e8atennenhichien. Some become passive by adding, besides changing its conjugation, the syllable di in the middle, as ahendiencha8a—he has descended from his place, from ,a,enchaθ.

 

NOTE.—Sask8i—shut your mouth, for satechia8e; it passes from the second conjugation to the first. Most passives are made in the same manner, as from ,achondi—to accommodate; achondi — to accommodate one's self, to dress.

 

Reciprocals are formed from those passives by the addition of another at, as ataseti—to hide one's self, or to hide each other, from ataseti—to be hid. Atatehiaton—to attach itself to me, from atehiaton—to be attached to me. Atahih8aiensti—to instruct one another; from atrih8aiensti —to study; atatonnhonti—to give life to one's self, or, to give each other life, from atonnhonti—to receive life. But in the fourth conjugation at is added; but the following e is changed into a, as ateinditenni—to have compassion upon one's self, or, to have compassion for each other, from enditenri—to have pity. These reciprocal verbs most frequently have in relative verbs an infinitive signification, as atiesen d'atatehiatondi—it is easy to write back to each other; d'atatrih8aienstandi—to instruct one another; in like manner to signify substantives, as ,anderon d'atatrih8aienstandi—instruction is difficult; te,aenh8i d'atatakarata'ti—I know not how to take care of the others.

 

The deponent are those which may have the passive mark of voice, as at; yet an active signification as atehien —to commission, from the relative chienhaten sens—a physician; from the relative distsente, active, to physic; hatennha—he commissions, from the relative, ,annhandi,hatrios—he fights, from the relative, ario—to fight, to kill. Atanditenri may signify to have compassion upon another, and also to lament to one's self on account of one's own troubles, to weep over them, from the verb ,entenri— to have pity. Moreover what was said of reciprocal or passive verbs; the same may be said of words placed in composition whose initials just as if the verbs take at or atat. Thus from ,arih8a—a thing, is made atatrih8a, by contraction, for ataterih8a, which, if you put with the verb ,annonh8endi, it will become atatrih8a ienstandi—to instruct one another, from ,aienstandi.

 

Of the Prepositions ti, sti, x8i.

These three particles are added to words, to signify sometimes the cause, sometimes the matter, sometimes the formal, or efficient, or final, as will appear by the examples. Moreover, final particles of this sort are not joined promiscuously to any verb; but ti is placed after some verbs, sti after others, and x8i after others. Ti is placed after verbs in the following manner.

 

1o.—Those whose infinitive in e adds k to form the present indicative, as ,atsihiňe — to burn a field, from atsiheiňek—she burns. Add ti, as atsiheiňeti—to burn with that; thus ohare—to wash; ohareti—to wash with; ,a,a8e— to row; ,a,a8eti—to row with.

 

2o.—After those whose infinitive in i changes that into ch in the present, as ,arih8andera,i,—to fish; ,arih8anderach —she fishes; ,arih8anderati—to fish in that.

 

3o.—Those ending in si and h8i, which in the present is changed into ch. Okaksi—to paint; okach—she paints; okati—to paint with that. ,Arigo'trah8i to recite; ,ariho'trach, ,ariho'trati—to recite with that. Except, asok8i—he stands; asohoti—to stand with something.

 

4o.—Those compounded with ondi—to do, and on—to move, by adding a before ti, as ,achondi—to do; ,achonniati—to do with that. Atori—to startle, to hunt; ato'rati —to fly; ,ator'aθa—she flies with that. ,Annonh8arori— to sing; annonh8aroiati—death song, without.

 

5o.—,Ac'hiati—to consume, to finish, and its compounds have ,a'chiati—to finish, to accomplish, from thence.— Eθaonde'cha'chia'te—he has ran over all the earth.

 

 

6o.—Atati—to speak; ,atatiak—I speak; ,atatiaθa—I speak that language there.

 

7o.—An'diri—that is firm; ,anditi—to strengthen.

 

8o.—,Aio—to kill; ,aioti—to kill with something.

 

9o.—Verbs in andi, endi, indi, ondi, with the long penult have âti, eti, or enti, iti, onti, as, ,annandi, ,anna'ti to command; aentendi—to know; ,aente'ti—to know by some sign. But, eiachendi — to be angry; eiachati'onnhon,endi—to pain; onnhon,enti, ,aienh8endi—to know; ,aenh8eti, ,akerondi—to be afraid; a'keronti. Some in en take ati, ate,en—to have fire; ate,ati—to make fire; ar'on,en —to listen; ar'on,ati, anda,en—to sow; anda,ati, orahen— that boils; ,a,hati—to boil; ,anh8aehen— a bad thing; ,arih8'achate—to make a thing a bad. ,Annonr'a,andennen to be foolish; ,annon’ra,andendati—to make a person become foolish; kaxen — to be joined together; kaxati — to join together, to compare; ,ataien—to smoke tobacco; ,ataiati —to smoke with something; ,aeriken— to cure one's self with some cure. ,Aeren—to make; ,aerati—to make with something; ,arannoňen—to be wet; ,arannonasti, and not ,arrannonate—to wet, also from atonesen—to thank; atoňesti —to thank for something; katen—to steal; katensti, ,ah8annhen — to tie, to bind ; ah8annhasti, andiannhen — to tie round the finger; andiannhasti from ,andia—finger.

 

10o.—Relative verbs in senni take ti, as, eiachasenni— to hate; eiachasenniti—to hate on account of something.

 

11o.—Acquisivites in ande, endi, indi, ondi, with the short penult borrow particles of quality from its primitive derived from the simple by adding to them the final figurative mark of relation which is in andi,as, ate,atandi—to light a fire for any one, it has recourse to its derivation ate, ati, which gas ate,ate'k8i, and by changing k8i into k8andi, forms ate,ata'k8andi—to light a fire for any one from some material; endihendi—to borrow from any one; endihatandi —to cause that some one borrow from some one, from the primitive endihati, anh8andera,indi — to offend any one; anh8anderatandi, ,askarardi—to spread for some one; askaronk8andi—to spread something for some one.

 

12o.—Verbs in 8an, k8an and x8an, have 8a'ti, k8a'ti, x8ati, as, ate8an—to fly; ate8ati—to take to flight; kak8an —to take with some one or on account of some one; ,ak8an —to plunder; ,akeati—to plunder on account of or with. Verbs ending in ti or sti have in the present, θa, sθa, in the future t, st, in the future negative, tandi, stande. Those ending in k8i have in the present and future k8a, in the negative k8ande. Some in on which for the future is changed into a or i, take ati, as, ,enheon—to die; e,enhei— she will die; ,enheati, ,a,arennion to turn aside; a,arennioti.

 

Sti put after—1o. verbs in ti which to form the present indicative is changed into s, as ,anda8ati—to dig; ,anda8as she digs, or she digs with that; arati—to lie down; aras— she lies down, from thence arasθa—she lies upon that, that is, her bed. Except, atsendi — to think, which takes, ,k8i, not ti, ,atsentak8i, not ,atsenti, which in the present would have ,atsens—she thinks.

 

2o.—To those compounded with to, signifying magnitude as, ,a8endis — the great voice, the mistress; a8endiosti, relative, to take for the mistress. ,Arih8io—a thing, a thing of importance; ,arih8iosti—to put a thing in condition, to amplify it, exaggerate.

 

3o.—To some verbs in the present having ens, as ondêa,endi,onrato,ensθa—that is what makes me now; ondetetsonto,ensθa—they unmarry themselves on account of that, also from atia,e— to make water; atiaesθi — to cause to make water; ,annhaten—to regret; annhalensti—to cause to regret.

 

X8i is put after—1o. verbs whose infinitive is in a, as, ,ar'a—to be above; ,arak8i—it is upon that some one is; or'a—to be hafted, whence or'ak8i — it is then a thing hafted.

 

2o.—Verbs whose infinitive and present indicative end in e, as, onnhe—to live; onnhek8i—it is on that we live; haatate—he is present; haatatek8i—he is present for that.

 

3o.—Verbs in on whose present indicative is in onk, as, ,ahiaton—to write; ,ahiatonk—she writes; ,ahiatonk8i—to write with that. Except, ,aton — to be lost; aton — to become, saying iaon — to arrive, which add ti to themselves, not x8i, thus is is said 'atonti—to mislead some one, not 'atonk8i. Atonto—to cause to become; ,aonti—to make a person come in.

 

4o.—Verbs whose infinitive ends in t after which is added a before ksi, as, atrendaent—to pray; atrendaentak8i—to pray for that; ahachent—to hold a council; ,ahachentak8i —she holds a council for that.

 

5o.—Verbs whose present is terminated in θa, as, ,aθeθa —she pounds; aθeθaksi—to pound with that. Two of these particles are sometimes put after the same words, as, ate,en—to have fire; ate,ati—to make fire, and ate,atak8i —to make fire with something.

 

Various significations of the particles ti, sti, x8i.

 

,Andachiahaeraθa—he does with a knife, from ,a,eren— to do, the instrumental cause; 8endat hatatiaθa—he speaks Huron, from ,atati—to speak. The manner is expressed

by ,hate,aθa—he makes fire, from ate,en—to have fire, again ondêhate,a'θak8a—he makes fire with that. Whence θa, signifies the efficient cause and k8a the material.— Ondêa,akeronθa—behold what makes me afraid, the objective cause, ondêarih8iostakei—there is why I believe it, the final cause, tetiechonniaθa—where one makes satisfaction, purgatory.

 

Ti, θa, t, tande—little; sta, st, with stande—little, sti, from k8i,'k8ande—he denies; k8a, present and future.

 

Besides they signify celerity of action, aharihiaθa—he might read immediately; onsaa,ent—he went out again immediately, or eha8enhoati, eoonti—they arrive in a day, from 'aon—to arrive.

 

They signify also perpetuity, ehandarek8i — he lives always. Ehentrontak8i—he is always, that is at the lodging; ehonnhek8i—he laughs always. They signify that which is said in French, he goes saying, doing as fast as, &c. as, ekahiaton'k8ande—he goes writing as fast as one dictates to him. Ora8anehk8atontan'de—we become better as fast as we do well. Signify that which we say, do this and that, that at once all in are float, by the same journey; achiarteandaenta'k8an'de—you go by the same means to pray to God, (you that is, in a place that is on the other side of the church,) ahaiatan'de—he goes a hunting taking a journey. Those joined to the negative signify impossibility, as, stanhotirih8ioatate,en—they will never believe. Stanharih8anderaθate,en—he is not to fish; slana,iheate,en—I am not to die; stanhotrihotiastate,en—he is not to listen.

 

NOTE.—Also the following, onnhatenstandi — a thing worthy of being regretted; hotanditenstandi—a man worthy of compassion, from atanditenri—to have compassion, to be merciful; oteia'chi8tak8andi—a thing that deserves well that we be in trouble about it, from the verb; ateiache8t— to be in trouble. Aoňesk8at— an agreeable thing, from the verb, oňesk8andik, or oňesk8an—to please. Ha8eiachiat—an angry man that deserves to be hated, an irritating man, from eiachendi—to be in a passion. Hosk8ahat—he is bad, worthy of aversion, from ask8andi—to have aversion. ,Ata'k—a thing to be eaten, from ,a,i—to eat, and the like which seem to supply particles and other words derived from verbs, as, to be loved, lovely, the Hurons want this and—onhierihatande—that which is reasonable, from onhierihen—a just thing, a thing concluded as good; satatanhatan'di—the fever, from oatatarihaθa—she has the fever, and oatatarihen—she is warm; atank8stak8ande— cold, from ,aataind8sti—to be cold. Orih8anderataneti— fishing, from the verb, ,arih8anâera,i,—to fish. Also the place is signified by particles of this sort, θohatientak8a— he lives there; etia8atsaionk8a—we were speaking to one another here within.

 

Observe from the following examples may be seen that we use k8i not k8ia, ti, not θa, when the place is immoveable θoston, 8eiachiontak8i—where we have the heart, for the place is immoveable, not depending upon art but upon nature. Thus askati ,onada8atek8i—on the other side of the river; on'da'onnentak8i—where the river descends; haienh8itioňa'te—at his right. But when the place depends upon the will of a man, we ought to use θa. 8θa or k8a not ti, sti or k8i, as, θoichienhandaθareθa—it is the place where he visits; θohe'ieθa—it is the place where he goes; θok8a— ,encheθa—to the place where we go for our requisites; θok8a'tia,esθa—where we make water.

 

Third part of grammar—Of Syntax.

The Hurons sometimes add the particle de to substantives which answers to the French de or du, as, i,ieh8ad'onnenha I carry wheat; eha8aid'annenha—I bring back wheat; te8aciend'onnen8a—I have no wheat; ,andeiad'oeň8a—it is fine tobacco; o,arhied'oen8a—it is strong tobacco.

 

Two substantives joined together are thus expressed, hechonhorih8a8an—Hechon's book, as if it were, Hechon has that book in his power, for 8an, signifies the master, ,arih8a—the book, Hechon hondaon—Hechon's house or rather Hechon lives there.

 

The materials of which any thing is composed of is thus rendered, ,a'riotahaoten,annonchia—stone house, the same that is of stone; haoten, which is oh8istahaotencandahia— iron knife, or oh8ista a,set8ten—a metal flagon, from ,aseta—bottle.

 

The place from whence any thing is brought, as, French bread, an'nonhakehaon ,ondataiondi. An a8nien—blanket; gannien,ehaon,eňonhara. Appellatives are thus expressed, hatennion,enhakhoňenda,er'ati—the captain of the French, the French have him as captain — Hechon's nephew, hachonha8enh8aten — Hechon's brother—This Hechon and he are brothers; hechonhiataxen — the enemies of the French, the same French and they fight; atin'nion,enhakhontrioch.

 

National names are formed from the proper name of the nation by adding r'onnon, as from annonta,e,nnontaeronnon a Gaio,8en, Gaio,8aenronnon. Verbals as love, fear, &c. are expressed by the infinitive, as God hates sin, di8hochiensennik,arih8ankera,i, or by the impersonal, as di8hochiensennik d'anh8anderach—God hates that we sin, or by the personal, di8hochiensennik d'a8aeih8anderach—God hates that we sin.

 

Those derived from adjectives, as beauty, ugliness, riches, are thus rendered, axinnon h8ed eak8astis—we love beauty; axinnon konθa d'iea'tachensa — we despise ugly persons; namely by the impersonal of adjectives, which signify handsome and ugly.

 

NOTE.—But as much from adjectives as from verbs are sometimes formed true substantives, as from 8k'ao'ta—a beggar; 8kaocha — beggary. From hannaendae — proud; ,annaendaecha—pride; from ,ahiaton—to write, ,ahiatoncha —writing. Ak8anr'ai—to rob; àk8anr'acha—theft, larceny. Atsir'andi—to be poor; ,asir'acha—misery; ,ann'enh8ak—to have a father-in-law; ,ann'en8ae'cha ,a'isten— to be a father; ,a,istenha — paternity; and8en — to be a mother; and8encha—maternity; from thence a,ennh8aeehen —I have a father-in-law; a,e,iste'nchen—I have my father. Sometimes also they form substantives from appellatives, as from onnhe'tien—woman; onnhe'tiencha—that savours of woman. Some derivatives, whether from substantives or from verbs, are formed by adding cha, whence also other verbs are formed, by changing cha into chen.

 

The Syntax of substantives with adjectives.

Since some substantives undergo composition, others not at all, a different syntax is to be used. Substantives which are compounded in this, only agree with the adjectives to which they are joined, that they take the nature of their paradigma, as ,annonchia— hut; if it is compounded with ,a8asli—beautiful, you say ,annonchia'8asti—a beautiful hut, of the paradigma ch; because sasti is of the paradigma ch; but is it is compounded with the adjective ondiri —strong, you say onnonchio'ndiri— a strong hut, of the paradigma s, because ondiri is of the paradigma s.

 

Substantives which are not compounded in number, gender, and person, agree with their adjective, atieronk8a —robust; if it adheres to the substantive hern'diahaon—a male, you say hatie'ronk8a, with the initial h, which is the mark of the third person masculine; but if the word onnhe'tien be the subject of the predicate, you say atieronk8a without h, because it is the third person singular feminine. If you wish to express in Huron, thou art a strong woman, you say chiatieronk8a de sannhetien, the substantive agreeing with the adjective as to person, not as to paradigma. Chiatieronk8a de chion,8e—thou art a strong man.

 

NOTE.—That when with one single substantive capable of composition, are joined two words, of which the one is an adjective, the other a verb, that it is compounded with both separately, as, I have found a fine hut, the word ,annonchia—hut, is twice used and joined both to the verb orendi—to find, and ,a8asti—fine; thus, ann'onchia 8asti ,ann'onchiorendi. Thus, thou hast a fine knife—,andahia8a'sti sandahien.

 

NOTE 2o.—That when a substantive cannot enter into composition with an adjective which is applied to itself, often the generic name of the same substantive is put with that adjective; as, a fine oak—,ar'onta8a'sti ,ero'hi, where we take the name of the kind, and ,aronta—a tree, which we join with ,a8asti—fine, and then we add ,ero'he—oak. Thus, an ugly child—haatachen d'achiaha, or, ,aata— animal, is joined with ,achen — ugly, because achiaha— infant, is not compounded.

 

Some things are to be observed in the composition of a substantive with adjectives and verbs.

 

lo.—The substantive always goes before.

 

2o.—The last vowel of a substantive perishes, and the consonant of the adjective or verb, which is initial, is struck out.

 

3o.—A substantive follows the nature of the adjective or verb as to the paradigma, not as to conjugation, as, enta’ —a day, whether it is compounded with the verb, ,asan— to belong, or the verb ondi—to do, it is always of the third conjugation; that which has ,asan is of the second, and ondi is of the fifth; but because ,a8an is of the paradigma s, and onde of the paradigma ch; therefore enta joined ,a8an is conjugated like the paradigma s, and is joined to the verb ondi, inflected like the paradigma ch.

 

4o.—If an adjective taken out of composition begins with another vowel than that which is proper to the infinitive of its own conjugation, then that it may be properly restored to composition with the proceeding substantive, it ought to take the vowel proper to the infinitive of its own conjugation, as, on'diri—strong, of the second conjugation; that it may be compounded with a substantive, it ought to change the initial on into an, as, onnonchia'ndiri—a strong hut, but not annonchiondiri.

 

5o.—Words of the third conjugation when they undergo composition in place of the initial of the infinitive take the third person singular of the paradigma s, as, hokaocha8eichiat—the angry beggar, from okaocha—beggars, and erachiat—angry. Thus, ho'ata8endi—something has happened to him, from ,aaraandendi—to arrive. In like manner, tsaonh8entsa8entondi the country is repeopled, from onh8enha—country, and entondi—to increase.

 

6o.—Many verbs when compounded with a double vowel change the first vowel into i, as, ,aa,i—to cut, if it is compounded with ,aenta—a stick, is ,aentia,i—to cut a stick, not ,aentaa,i.

 

7o.—Sometimes a double or triple vowel is thrown out in a substantive, as, ,arihia,i—to tear a paper, a book, for ,ari8ia,i. Thus, orihierihen—the affair is concluded, for orih8inhen—from 'anh8a, ,aa,i, and ,aenhen.

 

8o.—Contractions of one or more syllables are often made, as, haak8asti—he is handsome, for haata8a'sti.— Thus, ,annonsk8e,i—a hut shut, for ,annon’chia8e,i. Also, hiennonste,en—they have their huts near one another, for tehiennonchiande,en, from ,annonchia and ande,enhoae'te— he carries a bag, for horaae'te,aara—a bag in composition, out of composition, ,annenh8an. Onde'chen for ond'echaen —there is a farm.

 

9o.—A verb is not compounded with another verb or with an adjective, as, I look at the writing, you do not say, akensahiaton, but ,ehiatoncha,enk or atehiatonchakensek. Akense—to look, requires the passive in composition.

 

10o.—There are some verbs requiring the passive voice in nouns joined to them as atiahetati—to load one's self with a bag, from ,aara—bag, and ,a,eti. Atondechatak8an to make the round of the earth. Ennonchion,otan'nen—to walk round the hut; ksatiataton—to surround some one; k8enditio'k8aton—to surround a gang; aθoňennendataton— they have besieged the town.

 

Of comparatives and superlatives.

We must use circumlocution to express the comparative and superlative, thus, Hechon is more liberal than you, also Hechon is liberal, you are stingy, Hechon, hoň8esen, i8as annonste, or Hechon is liberal, thou art not so.— Hechon, hon8esen, stante ohion8esen desa. Hechon is larger than you, also Hechon is large, you are little— Hechon ha,8anne, isa sakeňie, or Hechon ha,8anne, stante chia,8annedesa. Also Hechon is the most liberal of the French, all the French are not liberal, Hechon only is so. Stante hennoň8esen hati8eti d'hatinnioňenhak, haonh8a or hoň8esenhechon—or the French are stingy, Hechon alone is liberal; hotinnonste d'hatinniorienhak, haonh8ahoň8esen hechon, or rather all the ecclesiastics are liberal, but Hechon is so above all; hati8eti hennon8esen d'hatit si henstatsi oňekichien chiaat, and sondera'ti de hechon. Also the superlative is expressed very well by particles, araiθoti, or araiθochien joined to an adjective, as, araiθotia,ondi,onr’achens—we are very sad.

 

Of prepositions.

From Huron particles which answer to prepositions in Latin some put before, others after. Of those which are put before some are separable, as, eta’,e—beneath; acha8i —above, upward—others inseparable, as,

 

lo.—S, which we call a particle of repetition, unity and excess.

 

2o.—T, which is the mark of distance of time or place.

 

3o.—Te, the affirmative of duality, division or perpetuity and totality, &c. To, at, in, are expressed by some one of the absolute particles, ,e, ke, ske, nde. In words ending in t or k, ke is put after in place of the said letters, as, 8tent8ke—at; handotonk a,atonnhatake—at the end of my life; ,ah'achenke—during the council; orih8entandi,e—at the end of the affair. With those ending in s or ch, in place of these is put; skeandachiake—at; andachiach's.— In other words having other terminations, at one time ,e at another nde is put after them, as, hechonde, onden'de onsa8atatron8andi,e—in confession. To the four questions of place, where, whence, whither and which way, it is answered in the same manner by that final, ,andata,e ex, as, an'nenihentron—where is he? ,andata,e—he is in the village; ann'entontar'e—whence comes he? ,andata,e—from the village; Annena'retan'de—where does he go? andata,e—to the village; ann'enar'endi—by which way has he gone ? ,andata,e—by the village. By the same particles are often expressed under, within, above, as, ,annenh8an,ei8at—that is in the bag; ,annonchia,ei,an'a—on top of the hut; a8en,ea,oha—that has just fallen into the water; ,atsesta,eaontaha—that has fallen into the fire; onden'deaθentrontaha—he reposes on land. The same particles are affiixed to names of things which are numbered, as, te8enta,e —two days; achinka8enta,e—three days; ndakitanno'nske —four huts, for i,annonchia,e; asenio,a'ke—ten stitches, for io,ara,e—within, inside; ,anda,on, without composition ,aon, in composition, as, chiata,on or chiesk8a,on—in your belly; annoňaton — under water, in the bottom of the water; ,arha,orn—in the wood; ,annonskon for 'annonchia,on—in the house. When, a,on requires the paradigma s, it signifies vacuity, as, a,onnondé—that is empty, but we say asetâ,oni,o—there is some liquor in the gourd. Without he,enk beyond chi, as, chihotonnhon,annondi—he was determined to that before we spoke to him of it.— Before and in preference to chi, as chihentron—he is before all ages; chiaia,ehie'raha or ndherenaontaia,ehier'aha—he must beware; chie,ontontoňa'ti—before you; aondechenhaon aθatien—he is from all eternity; ondêeθarontio or eθa8endio—he is lord above others, (a name); eθaatsinnen—he was called before, (naming him); ondé d'eθeehon—he that was called Hechon; eθonnontio—the former governor; ondeek8a,en—this I have before said; stantek8arandinnen—I was unwilling before. Chi—beyond, as, chi,a'nda8ati— beyond the river; ,aro—on this side, as, ,aroa,n'da8ati— on this side the river.

 

Tiskehen—near; ontaonriohe—I am on the point of being killed; onta,iheonchiœ—I am going to die; ti,andatata—near the town; ti,annonchiata—near the hut.— Stantioskehente, arih8ate—there is no likelihood of such a thing happening; tioskehenichie de chrih8iost—thou wilt soon believe; chi—at a distance; ,anneneneθaatate d'ih8iost —he is far from believing; nderenekatede,arih8eosti—faith is very far from him; tachitsokar'at'ati—she kept that no more a long time since. Ata, final, about, as, ,anda8atatie —along the river; annentratatie—along the shore. In the middle teondo,en, akanho,enhatie satiendaen—pray to God between two. After and afterwards, d'a8esk8ak—after, afterwards, behind; aosk8a,teskachitenh8is skon,8ati d'a8esk8akhaon—thou wilt bring me a hind foot of elk of the left side; seh8en echiarask8a—thou wilt go after; ,echio,atenk behind me; seh8ende,ihei—after my death, (name); andiare e'saon—after N. shall have returned; oňa'ti—towards; ,anda8ate'k8iňati—towards the river, on the side that looks to the river; ,ondataenta'k8ioňati—on the side where the town is; te8atox8'aa oňati—towards the west; rak8atoňa'ti towards the east; entrekoňa'ti—towards the south; asihi'seoňa'ti—towards the north; chietenh8itioňa'ti—to the right, towards thy right side; θoichienetie8endrak8iannien,e —we are of the side of; anne,ronnons—we are for them; θoea,8etonta,ann'rontie—we are going to the side of the year.

 

Under, or beneath—e'ta'e;; above, within—,anda,on; under ground, in hell—onde'chon ,eňonharo ,ennen; under the the blanket—,ah8en,aro,ennen hota'se'ti; he has hid himself under the table—chie,annen etiorannen ta,i—that is much below in matter of price; above, upwards—acha8i; endicha,ei,ara—that is upon the sideboard; hechon ahoatannonnen, or, ahoatannonh8cha—the lot has fallen to Hechon.

 

Of from; ,andata,e tonta,e—I come from the village; ,anniohake haon—from France; ah8endo,e—from England; hechon'e ek8a'ia,en dinnen—I had come from Hechon's house. As to how much, ,andak8a,e haon; as to the impurity, ,andak8a,e atiaondi ,ienten—as to impurity, I know not what it is; hechonde—as to Hechon, where is he?

 

Until e,iheioθo e8arih8ios tihatie—I will preserve faith until death. Up to, ehiate ennontetsi io'nd8te—there is water up to my leg; θo io'nd8te ti e'ndiasont—as far as the neck; tate eátia,i ion'd8te—water up to the middle.

 

Without, o,on nondaie—that is without any mixture.— Oskeňa,on, sagennité—without fish, without seasoning; aondechon for aondecha,on—country without people; te,aatra nondeê—without that, or, that is not; stante esenditi—we will do without you.

 

With, onde teandi aek8e—come with us; ondé a8entenhaon i'ndes—he goes always with him.

 

Before, techie, an'rak, or chie,atak, or chiatrak, or chitontak—you seeing or being present.

 

With the knowledge of, o,on,e ahente—that is in the sight of all.

 

Without the knowledge of, ,anda,on, or otase'ti,e hosa8ennen hatie—he goes in secret; hatsak'on kaindeθa—he speaks in secret, according to custom; oentendi, or, a'oht, or, e,en'tak8e—that is usual; aha8end8ten—it is his manner of speaking; ahaiend8ten—it is his manner of doing; endiha,echenniandik—he works for me.

 

From, annionhakehaon—from France; iso'onhaon, or, tisoon—since he has arrived; ,ennhiekhaon—since last year; te8enta'e ek8a,e,innen—I have not eaten for two days.

 

Against is expressed by the word ha,esk8ahens—he is against me; harasennik — he is for me, that is, of my opinion; ha,er'e8aθa, or, ha,enda'chiodaθa—he is not of my opinion, he reproves me, he contradicts me.

 

For, is not expressed but by the words onde, aondi—it is for that; sonh8aachierhon—it is for the love of you; sarask8asen ta'ilenr—go, I pray you, do that for my sake. Why hast hotu come hither? because I said I would come—ondê aondi ,aro etsise'ti sti8a,en ,ao aset, onde xaio'ti, or onde io'ti—it is for that.